A critical incident analysis and reflection

A critical incident analytic thinking and hypothesiseionThe purpose of this essay is to reflect and critic whollyy study an incident from a clinical setting whilst utilize a model of disapproval. This will each(prenominal)ow me to die and spend a penny perceive of the incident and draw conclusions relating to personal learning offcomes. The significance of critical analysis and critical incidents will briefly be argueed followed by the process of reflection using the chosen model. The incident will then be exposit and analysed and the the great unwashed involved introduced and then I will examine issues increase in light of the recent literature relating to the incident. My essay will embroil a questionion of communication, interpersonal skills gived in the incident, and finally rise based rehearse. I will conclude with explaining what I guide well-read from the mother and how it will change my future actions. The Gibbs model (1988) of reflection unit of ammuniti on will be attached as appendix 1 and description of incident will be attached as appendix 2.In accordance with the 2004 care for and Midwifery Council, the clients details and placement setting has non been disclosed in order to maintain confidentiality.Critical incidents be snapshots of something that happens to a patient of, their family or book. It may be something positive, or it could be a military position where some bingle has suffered in some way (Rich Parker 2001). According to Hogston and Simpson (2002) reflection is a process of reviewing an experience of practice in order to better describe, analyse andevaluate, and so inform learning close to practice. Wolverson (2000) includes this is an important process for all nurses wishing to improve their practice. This will be investigated using a pensive nursing model.I am going to use Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle. This because Gibbs is drop off and precise allowing for description, analysis and evaluation of the e xperience helping me to feature sense impression of experiences and examines my practice. However Ghaye and Lillyman (2006) state that it is miscontructed as ideal for only negative experiences. On the other hand they emphasise that it its strengths lies with the incorporation of knowledge, feelings and action in one learning oscillation. Taking action is the key Gibbs prompts to formulate an action plan. This enables to air at my practice and see what I would change in the future, how I would develop and improve my own practice.Gibbs (1988) consists of six stages to complete one cycle which is able to improve my nursing practice continuously and learning from the experience for better practice in the future. The cycle starts with a description of the role, inframentioned is to analysis of the feelings, third is an evaluation of the experience, fourth stage is an analysis to make sense of the experience, fifth stage is a conclusion of what else could I have done and final sta ge is an action plan to prepare if the situation arose again (NHS, 2006). Baird and winter (2005) give some reasons why reflection is petition in the reflective practice. They state that a reflect is to generate the practice knowledge, assist an ability to adapt new situations, develop self-esteem and triumph as well as to value, develop and professionalizing practice. However, Siviter (2004) explain that reflection is about gaining self- self-reliance, identify when to improve, learning from own mistakes and behaviour, looking at other people perspectives, being self-aware and improving the future by learning the past. In my context with the patient, it is important for me to improve the remedial kinship which is the nurse-patient relationship. In the therapeutic relationship, on that point is the therapeutic rapport establish from a sense of commit and a mutual intellectual exists between a nurse and a patient that build in a special link of the relationship (Harkreader and Hogan, 2004). AsseriveDescriptionThis is attached as appendix one.FeelingsIn this paragraph, I would discuss on my feelings or thinking that took place in the consequence happened. I was shocked that the twist around did not wash her hands or use alcohol prior examining Ms Adams especially with all the transmitting mark guidelines and protocols in place. In spite of this I did not have confidence and felt intimidated due to the fact the doctor was more versed and experienced than I was as a first year student, alike I did not want to make him feel uncomfortable. Furthermore I did not want the patient to feel alarmed and worried by challenging the doctor whilst Ms Adams was there.However soon after I had a word with my mentor and told her what I spy and she then recommended that unitedly we confront the doctor, therefore the next day my mentor spoke to her in private and she asked her, if ahead examining Ms Adams whether she washed her hands. The doctor seemed stunned by this conversation but admitted she did not wash her hands. She responded by justifying his actions and saying he was busy and was in a rush to remember. My mentor discussed the significance of infection control and hand hygiene and then the doctor promised her that she would make original she follows the protocols and cleanses her hands prior examining any patient in the future.EvaluationThis event was difficult and challenging for me as I felt disappointment for my deprivation of confidence in not confronting and challenging the doctor prior him examining Ms Adams, on the other hand I felt content in the way the doctor responded so positive and optimistic. Consequently I observed that doctor has now changed his practice as a result of this incident. I have learnt from this incident the importance of acting assertively with rung members in a sensitive approach in order to safeguard patients health.AnalysisNurses have a responsibility to safeguard and evoke the interests of indi vidual patients andClients (NMC 2004). This responsibility include ensuring that his or her knowledge and competencies commensurate with the designate being undertaken.Infection is responsible for increased morbidity and mortality, thus a comprehensive knowledge of infection control precautions and basic microbiology should be a fundamental requirement of all health wield professionals. moots must be decontaminated before every episode of care that involves direct contact with patients jumble or food, invasive devices or dressings. Current expert opinion recommends that hands need to be decontaminated after completing an episode of patient care and following the removal of gloves to minimise cross contamination of the environment (Boyce and Pittet, 2002 Pratt et al, 2001).Hand hygiene is a crucial factor in the control of hospital-acquired infection (HAI) because hands can easily transfer micro-organisms from one area or patient to another. According to Shuttlewood (cited in Beckf ord-Ball, Hainsworth) states that despite strategies promoting hand hygiene there still seems to be difficulty persuading staff to adopt good practice. Doctors are the worst offenders. According to NHS figures, 25% of them fail to follow basic hand-washing occasions, compared with 10% of nurses and 15% of ancillary staff. From The Sunday Times December 21, 2008Royal College of Nursing (RCN, 2009)Studies show that uniforms may become contaminated by potentially disease-causing bacteria, including staph aureus, Clostridium difficile, Although it has been suggested that uniforms act as are servoir or vector for transmittance system of infection in hospitals, no evidence is currently available linking the transmission of bacteria to patients (Wilson et al., 2007).However, it is important to note that all clothing worn by all staff (for example, doctors, therapists and cleaners) has the potential to become contaminated via environmental micro-organisms, or those originating from pati ents or the wearer, and that nurses uniforms are not unique in that respect. This reinforces the need to come across all clothing worn by staff in all clinical areas is fit for purpose and able to withstand laundering.Advocacy ranges from activities on behalf of patients, such as hand washing and proper identification before treatments, to arguing that an early discharge will harm her patients recovery. According to Arnold and Boggs (2003) assertive nurse is able to stand up for the rights of others as well as for his or her own rights. If the complaint is justified then equally the nurse has business to inform the doctor of what has transpired because he or she has a duty to promote high standards of patient care and this includes confronting co- constituteers when the nurse believes their standards to be little than adequate (Rumbad, G 1999).As the student nurse caring for Ms Adams under my mentors supervision, this also applies to my own practice as a student nurse. inductionI n hindsight I feel I should have confronted the doctor at that moment and acted sooner. I also should have made sure the doctor washed her hands prior examining the patient. I realise how I instal Ms Adams heath at risk. Following conversation with my mentor adjudge that I need to develop the confidence to challenge the practice of colleagues, understanding pressures that may be under but ensuring that their practice does not raise patients at risk.If a nurse observes a practice or procedure she believes to be wrong, advocating for her patient demands she speak out even if that practice was carried out by her superior. This is not always easy and may have a cost for the nurse.I realise that I need to be ancillary to colleagues, understanding the pressures that they may be under, but ensuring that their practice does not prepare clients at risk.Action PlanMy action plan is always to work as part of a team, learn more about how trump out to communicate in order to contribute to good nursing care. I will aim improve and develop my assertive skills when working with staff members to ensure health and safety of patients is maintained. Therefore I will make this a goal for learning in my next placement and discuss with my mentor to work out strategies for how I can achieve this.

Arguments for Short and Longer Term Capitalism

Arguments for Short and longer Term capitalismIntroduction ReasonDominic Bartons article on the Capitalism for the Long Term and in particular his Fight the Tyranny of Short-Termism essentially asserts in that location is a myopia plagues all Western institutions in every sector and in his article, he suggests solutions to potentially treat thus hassle He believes that this short-sighted perspective leads to the crippling of corporations, and the economy and take a leaks social unblockdles.Research that supports Bartons imbibe over of this pervasive myopia was presented during a conference hosted by Morgan Stanley in June 2011, where it was shown that the absolute majority of chief investment officers from top asset instruction firms poreed on short horizons that be disconnected from the organic process that typically prise in businesses (Gen timetion Investment Management LLP, 2012). In addition, former get together States of the States (USA) Vice-President, A l Gore verbalise that capitalism is coming under increase scrutiny and get hold ofs to change as short thinking has set a wedge between investing and the entry of value for corporations and capitalism needs to change (Johan Carlstrom, 2013). This problem of short-term capitalism has attracted many institutional bodies such as International M wiztary Fund and Harvard Business check out to conduct studies looking at its negative impact. The short-fall of short-term capitalism finish be seen and felt most recently by the financial crisis in 2008 that saw the scatter of major firms such as Lehman Brothers and the lives of many employees and their families ruined along with the economy (Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, 2011).In summary, his argument calls for the review of a shift from short-term capitalism towards long-term capitalism in ramble for capitalism to continue to thrive in this modern age.Assumptions Potential ProblemsBartons main argument of transferring from short-term capitalism to long-term capitalism is baffling for a few reasons. Firstly, he assumes that short-term capitalism always leads to short-term management. Next, he assumes that short-term management is the root problem of short-term capitalism. Conversely, he assumes that long-term capitalism is better than short-term capitalism.However it is non think up to(p) to determine the true lasting advantages and disadvantages of long-term capitalism as it may not has not run its full course yet. Disadvantages may not be readily apparent initially and may end up being more potent as they abide had more clip to fester and snowball.Barton makes a further assumption that all investors are short-term and thus value-orientated which is false because that is a sweeping judgement on a diverse group of investors, of which a notable example to the contrary is warren Buffet. He likewise believes that because investors are value-oriented, they are the ones at the root of problem as the y pressure the board and management to practise short-term capitalism too. There may be some truth in that value-orientated investors pass on lead to short-term management this creates a vicious cycle. In theory, the management should be autonomous only when in reality their investors usually entice them. A case in point would be that Chief Executives Officers (CEOS) are pressured by their investors to meet quarterly targets for the companys share price may depreciate if they fail to meet them. CEOs and so go to salient lengths to achieving them, even if it could vituperate longer-term health of the business (Tim Koller, Rishi Raj Abhishek Saxena, 2013). As such, in orderliness to avoid a conflict of interest, any board of directors should be richly independent (Lawrence Weber, 2011). This is important as the board would then be able to choose what is best for the corporation and should they choose to practise long-term capitalism, they would need to filter out the growth -orientated investors from the value-orientated investors (Bill George, 2013). Hence, the board decides the type of capitalism they want to attempt and the type of investors they wish to attract. Thus, it is not the investors who determine the corporations take on capitalism and should not be where we start from to solve this problem of short-term capitalism as mentioned by Barton.Another assumption that he makes is that short-term capitalism is a tyrant that needs to be rid of for before the social contract between capitalist system and hoi polloi ruptures. The reality is that capitalism is by its very nature is governed by an dyspneal non-living scotch toughie and in that respectfore elicitnot be corrupt. The misuse and abuse of the model by its users is to blame.Clayton Christensen provides an alternative explanation Businesses are created to meet demands and in interchange seek revenue. There are mainly two ways businesses can do that, they can either create empowering i nnovation which creates value or reinvest capital with capital alone does not create any value. Reinvestment is manifestly much faster than the creation of empowering innovations and as a resolvent this is the option of many firms (Royal Society for the rise of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (RSA), 2013). It is because of this choice, that the flow of value creation is broken (Refer to Appendix A) as reinvestment only serves to stagnate the economy (Clayton Christensen Derek cutting edge Bever, 2014). This flow broke when the professionals in finance started to advise companies on the meteoric way possible to maximise profit margins. Hence, it is clear then that short-term capitalism, which was more beneficial than detrimental in the past, was ruined not because of what it is but rather the people who abused it.Bartons suggestion for the transformation to long-term capitalism by foc use on long-term results and removing short-term targets makes a grave assumption that is me ritocracy can quiet function in this era of career-minded people. Using his example that financial firms ought to adopt an approach that encourages fund managers using golden methods in achieving their benchmark targets, meritocracy may be an obstacle because by adopting favourable methods and merely achieving their targets, it allow be hard for these career-minded managers to distinguish themselves from the closed chain (Emilio J. Castilla Stephen Benard, 2010) and thus his suggestion will crumble over time. He in addition assumed that the reason why CEOs may take up actions that would damage the companys long-term health in exchange for impact quarterly targets is because of value-orientated investors. When in fact, the reason may simply be these CEOs are using the company as a stepping-stone to further their career advancement. This may then be the better explanation as to why the avenge tenure of CEOs has decreased from 1992 till now (Steven N. Kaplan Bernadette A. Min ton, 2008). So then we figure that even by changing from short-term to long-term targets, it may not solve the issue at hand because meritocracy needs to be ameliorate upon.On top of the need to evaluate the relevancy of our current interlingual rendition of meritocracy, another underlying assumption that he made when he said that we should look towards long-term capitalism and to move away from short-term capitalism is real the relevancy of capitalism in right aways world. winning into account of all available psychological research Daniel Kahneman, 2011) and living in our technology dependent world, many economic models that are proving to be out-of-date (Steven D. Levitt Stephen J. Dubner, 2005). By this reasoning, capitalism, which is actually governed by the many economic models, may no longer be relevant today and should not be the default model used even though it is widely accepted because it generates capital. However, there are no other appropriate models availabl e, then perhaps modification and adaption of capitalism to keep it relevant in todays circumstance is the way forward.Further Potential ProblemsBarton proposed on first focusing on the people who provide capital first as they account for 35% of the worlds financial assets. Aside from the above-mentioned points, he is actually suggesting that these investors should take up a growth-orientated mentality. Realistically speaking, only major investors have the ability to influence the management teams view on capitalism. It is difficult to convince them as these investors are unlikely to forsake guaranteed clamant returns in exchange for less guaranteed future returns even if it may be higher. Investors being rationale beings would seek what is best for them and they may weigh that incertitude too risky for that slight increase in return.He also suggests that firms should not encourage employees (fund managers) to meet the high benchmark indexes if the employees use favourable methods in achieving those targets. This is a noble proposal but unfortunately would collapse in the working world. The reason would be because firms use benchmarks to evaluate one employee against the other. In addition, favourable methods can easily be facades of unscrupulous methods as employees pit against each other to meet or beat the benchmark indexes. These methods, whether favourable or not, can only be evaluated at a later date. By then, the damage may already be irreversible. The rendering of favourable is open to multiple subjective interpretations. This may result in employees may result in employees being unsure of what is allowed and as a result standards may be sub-par or may even result in a uniform standard of work produced, which would result in the failure of the incentivized promotion system. All of this is under the assumption that everyone has high honourable standards. In this era of career-minded people, it is also high unlikely that they will cool it to be an a verage Joe for the sake of long-term capitalism as they will strive to be different by achieving higher benchmark indexes. ratiocinationHis assumption that there is something wrong with the current system (short-term capitalism) in get off now is founded but the methods in which he employs to tackle the problem, in my opinion, are only scratching the tip of the iceberg. Actions need to be taken, but to create a noticeable difference, the actions cannot target certain groups or firms with wrongdoing policies but must target the fundamentals such as the validity of meritocracy and capitalism.We should focus on fixing the fundamentals of meritocracy and adjusting capitalism to make it relevant to todays context by reviewing the economic models, which they are based upon. Thereafter, then we should heed the Bartons suggestions on transferring from short-term to long-term capitalism, if capitalism is still deemed to be a relevant economic model for our modern world. beginningAnne T. Law rence and James Weber. (2011). Stockholder Rights and Corporate Governnance Chapter 14 from Business and society Stakeholders, Ethics, populace Policy, 13th EditionBill George. (2013, December) Bill George on rethinking Capitalism/ Interviewer Willian George and Rik Kirkland 650. McKinsey Company. Retrieved fromhttp//www.mckinsey.com/insights/leading_in_the_21st_century/bill_george_on_rethinking_capitalismCastilla, Emilio J., and Stephen Benard. The paradox of Meritocracy in Organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly 55 (2010) 543-576. 2010 by Johnson grade School, Cornell University.Clayton Christensen. (2013, September) The Capitalists Dilemma/ Interviewer Rohan Silva 2447. Royal Society for Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce. Retrieved from http//www.thersa.org/events/video/vision-videos/the-capitalists-dilemmaDerek Van Bever and Clayton Christensen. (2014, June). The Capitalists Dilemma. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from http//hbr.org/2014/06/the-ca pitalists-dilemma/ar/1Generation Investment Management LLP. (2012). Sustainable Capitalism.Johan Carlstrom. (2013, June). Gore Says Capitalisms Short-Term focus is Hurting Companies. Bloomberg. Retrieved fromhttp//www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-17/gore-says-capitalism-s-short-term-focus-is-hurting-companies.htmlSteven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner. (2005). Freakonomics A Rogue economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. United States of America HarperCollins.Steven N. Kaplan Bernadette A. Minton. (2008, August). How has CEO Turnover changed.Tim Koller, Rishi Raj and Abhishek Saxena. (2013, January). Avoiding the consensus-earning trap. McKinsey Company. Retrieved from http//www.mckinsey.com/insights/corporate_finance/avoiding_the_consensus-earnings_trapUnited States of America. The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission. (2011). Final report of the National Comission on the causes and economic crisis in the United States.Daniel Kahneman. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Unit ed States of America Farrar, Straus and Giroux.Appendix AThe Economic Engine (Clayton Christensen, 2013)

Investigating the rising population in UK prisons

Investigating the rising tribe in UK prisonsThe prison macrocosm in the UK has change magnitude dramatically in recent decades. The subdue of incarcerated hands and women in England and Wales rose over 65% between 1995 and 2009, going from 49,500 to 82,100 (Minis strive of Justice, 2009). A comparable increase over a similar time tip has to a fault been seen in the USA, the prison population increase 53% from 1,053,738 in 1994 to 1,613,656 in 2009 (Bureau of Justice Statistics 1995, 2010). In England and Wales this dejection be partly explained by tougher sentencing for drug-related crimes and violent offences against the person as well up as a high recall rate of offenders to prison due to the breach of their release symmetricalness (Ministry of Justice, 2009) similar trends can be seen in the USA (Hanlon et al, 2007).Increasing prison population essence that proportionally more(prenominal)(prenominal) pargonnts go to prison and step for has sh induce that in that location is a correlation between enate immurement and detrimental outcomes for the offspring (Huebner and Gustafson, 2007 Foster and Hagan 2007). There atomic number 18 however no authoritative records on prisoners families in the UK (Murray, 2005) or in the USA (Miller, 2006) and the available info is often unreliable due to the incompleteness and duplication of records (Miller, 2006). Lack of methodologically strong research means that the needs of prisoners families whitethorn be neglected, it is grand to investigate how immurement affects this vulnerable group and which policies could ameliorate their shoes (Dallaire, 2007). enslavement whitethorn affect all family members, including reboots, siblings and more distant relatives except the developmental operates argon greatest on the children of prisoners and therefore, for the purposes of this essay I define family as a group consisting of two reboots and their children living together as a unit (OUD, 2011). I aim in this essay to discuss the do of imprisonment on prisoners family members during captivity, first by exploring the current theoretical framework that religious services to explain the consequences of maternal incarceration and then by investigating the cause of grows imprisonment on children and the wider family, mainly drawing on studies carried out in the USA and the UK. There is an of the essence(p) difference in the observed invasion between maternalistic and paternal imprisonment on the family and I pass on discuss this before finally identifying the limitations of existing research and suggesting how research could predicate policies to help prisoners families.There argon three main theoretical frameworks that try to explain the devastating consequences of maternal(p) imprisonment on their offspring endeavour system societalisation and control theory and stigmatisation. Strain theory discusses how the disapproveiorating situation of family left behind by a n imprisonment minusly affects a child. concord to origin theory, the imprisonment of a parent whitethorn lead to difficulties in the familys financial status, whereby the remaining copetaker has slight time and money to spend on the child (Hagan and Dinovitzer, 1999). Children are forced to grow up faster as they need to take on new sociable occasions of responsibility this may deter them from educational activity and subsequently increase the influence of delinquent peers on their doings (Huebner and Gustafson, 2007). Also, as the burden of supporting the family has fallen into the hands of a maven person, the imprisonment can cause an already financially and emotionally strained family to jut further exertion, making the dissolution from the parent more traumatising than if the aforementioned(prenominal) event had occurred in a stable verificatory family environment (Hagan and Dinovitzer, 1999). However, agnate incarceration may ease up a good effect on offspring if the parent was abusive and neglectful (Hagan and Dinovitzer, 1999).Socialisation and control theory focuses non on the remaining support for the growing child and instead looks at the make of the absence of the put away parent on the development of the child. According to this second situation, the incarcerated parent can non contribute to the family life and may threaten the parent-child bail bond, depriving the child from social support, a role model and agnate supervision (Huebner and Gustafson, 20007). The remaining directiontaker has an increase responsibility over the child (Hagan and Dinovitzer, 1999) and minify parental control over the offspring may increase the influence of delinquent peers and increase the likelihood that the offspring will eng eon in similar behaviour (Sampson and Laub, 1993). On the other hand, it is uncertain how good of a role model the incarcerated parent was in the first place.Finally, the stigmatisation perspective proposes that crimi nal behaviour leaves a mark on all family members and that parental incarceration may cause feelings of rejection and shame and could result in the social exclusion of the children (Foster and Hagan, 2007). Stigmatisation may also help chthonianstand the intergenerational effects of parental imprisonment once the family is tainted as criminal the children are more likely to receive a biased treatment from the police force and increase the likelihood of getting involved in criminal arbitrator system (Huebner and Gustafson, 2007).The aforementioned theories are not mutually exclusive and it should be noted that there is a significant element of self- selection in spite of appearance these frameworks families with an incarcerated parent versus those without one differ prior to the imprisonment (Foster and Hagan, 2007). The mechanisms that submit been limit forward to explain why parental incarceration is so authoritative for childrens iniquity overwhelm men and women with crim inal backgrounds tend to marry and have offspring children may imitate parents behaviour bias of the police and courts intergenerational criminality environmental and genetic risks (Farrington, 2002). Thus, the effects of imprisonment may interact with and be con lay downed by the be differences between families (Hagan and Dinovitzer, 1999). Dallaire (2007a) suggests that both contextual and incarceration related occurrenceors may affect children whose parent has been jail, making the children whose parents have been imprisoned especially vulnerable to negative consequences. contextual influences include poverty and outset parental education take, single parenthood, large family size, bad neighbourhood, little(a) parental mental wellness and alcohol and drug abuse (Sameroff et al 1998). paternal incarceration elevates the risk factors related to the likelihood of the separation of siblings and the placment of children into foster care the imprisonment of the other parent as we ll as the increase likelihood of the involvement of other family members in criminal behaviour (Dallaire, 2007). Contextual risk factors influence childrens educational outcomes and behaviour and when coupled with effects of parental incarceration the previously present problems become amplified, explaining the elevated risks of negative consequences for the children with incarcerated parents (Dallaire, 2007).Although generalisations can be make on how the imprisonment of a parent influences children, the factual consequences vary greatly between item-by-item cases and can broadly be divided into three main categories straight off, mediated and moderating (Murray, 2005). Studies investigating the verbatim bear ons on children emphasise the distress of separation, lack of fill inledge approximately the parent and behavioural problems related to the child identifying with and mimicking the criminal behaviour of the parent (Murray, 2005). Bowlbys attachment theory (1973) explain s these outcomes by postulating that parent-child separation negatively affects psychosocial development for children from all age groups, disrupts attachment security and may lead to internalising behaviours like depression and gloomy self-esteem (Emery, 1999). In contrast, Murray and Farrington (2008) argue that it is not separation on its own that causes distress but the nature of separation. Research on children who are isolated from a parent due to illness, death or divorce suggests that duration these causes help bring the family together, separation due to incarceration has a polar effect because of the humiliation that is associated with it (Fritsch and Burkhead, 1981). Indeed, the longitudinal Cambridge Study of Delinquent Development parted that early days boys who had an incarcerated parent were nearly twice as likely to be incarcerated later on in life than boys who were separated from parent for other reasons (Murray and Farrington, 2005).Furthermore, studies foc using on child-parent separation through divorce suggest that childrens problems did not result now from the separation but rather from aspects related to it, such as scrap between parents, worsened economic situation and tensions in child-parent relationship (Emery, 1999). These could be seen as the mediated effects of parental imprisonment, which although indirectly, strongly affect the level of impact on children. separate indirect influences involve new caretaking emplacements, gauge of caretaker-prisoner relationship, changing school and moving to a new home, which all are likely to result in unstable environment for the child (Murray, 2005). another(prenominal) pregnant aspect is the childrens come tos over the wellbeing of the parent because childrens tell apartledge active their parent is mediated via the caretaker and more younger children are being be to or precisely told half truth about the parents whereabouts, which only adds to their murkiness and insecuri ty (Poehlmann, 2005).Not all children experience parental separation in the same way and their response to parental imprisonment depends on individual variables and moderating factors. Poehlmanns study (2005) on attachment security in children whose parent had been imprisoned concludes that older children and those who live in an environment with stable caretaking arrangement may be less affected than younger children. Similarly, Hanlon and colleagues (2005) concluded that supportive family environment protects children from destructive outcomes even if their parent was incarcerated substance user. Furthermore, Dallaire (2007b) argues that infants, school-aged children and adolescents face unlike risks owing to parental imprisonment. She suggests that infants and young children are particularly vulnerable to the direct effects of parental separation due to incarceration, whereas as schoolchildren and adolescents may suffer more from mediating imprisonment effects (Dallaire, 2007b). Moreover, the impact of parental incarceration depends on the quality of relationship the parent had with the child before the separation. Murray (2005) suggests that the healthier the pre-existing parent-child relationship the harsher the impact of loss on children, whereas the imprisonment of an abusive parent may benefit the child. Factors like intelligence, character, ethnic background and sex may also play a role in how parental imprisonment affects children (Murray, 2005). Thus, individual characteristics and developmental stage of children have a big role in determining the effects of parental incarceration for an individual case. However, perhaps the most important factor could be whether it is the let or a father who has been imprisoned, which will be explored in the next paragraph.It is difficult to compute the number of children affected by parental imprisonment with any precision due to a lack of data, however it is natural to assume that a large proportion of the ma jority male population are fathers. Studies that look at the effects of their incarceration paint quite a pessimistic picture. Findings from a longitudinal study in USA school students reveal that fathers incarceration and despicable education level sets in motion gathering of disadvantages for the offspring, culminating in impoverished educational achievement, reduced political involvement and increased social exclusion (Foster and Hagan, 2007). Additional adversities include socialisation issues owing to fathers absence due to imprisonment and reduced financial support for the child (Foster and Hagan, 2007). Other studies suggest that the absence of biological father, not necessarily due to incarceration, is linked to childrens antisocial behaviour (Pfiffner et al, 2001). Interestingly, the incarceration of biological fathers is also linked with high rates of homelessness of daughters, as they may become victims of abuse of the new nonmigratory adult male (Foster and Hagan, 20 07).Although there are several negative themes, which come up as a result of fathers being imprisoned, the consequences of mothers being incarcerated are farthest worse and have a greater impact on the lives of their children there are several reasons for this. First, the increasingly punitive attitude towards crime has increased the length of sentences for women and having dependent children is not considered a special circumstance for a more lenient sentence (Wildeman and Western, 2010). Second, there are fewer prisons for women, which means that they are sent farther away from their family than men, posing further obstacles to children see their mother (Hagan and Dinovitzer, 1999). Third, prior to incarceration the majority of women who commit crimes raise their children without a reliable partner, increasing the likelihood of siblings being separated and children being hardened under non-parental care, whereas in case of paternal incarceration, children remain under the care of the mother who helps to alleviate the stress of separation from father (Miller, 2006). Finally, adult children of incarcerated mothers had 2.5 time higher chances of being incarcerated than those of incarcerated fathers (Dallaire, 2007a). Thus, maternal incarceration seems to have a more severe effect on child-parent attachment and on childrens development than paternal incarceration. Although the majority of the prison population is still men, the female proportion of the population is on the rise (Hanlon et al, 2007 HM prison Service, 2011a) and so the effects of maternal imprisonment are becoming an urgent matter that affects not only individuals but society as whole, raising the issue of whether mothers should have their parental responsibilities taken into account during sentencing and if a greater emphasis should be made to provide more local imprisonment to reduce the inequality experience by convicted mothers and their families.In contrast to the evidence already put forward, it is important to note that not all children with parents in prison become criminals and many become fully functioning, law abiding members of society, despite the risks associated with parental imprisonment. Nesmith and Ruhland (2008) interviewed 34 children (the majority of whom were African American boys) who had experienced parental incarceration to apprehend their side of the story. Opposing the widespread opinion that living in a bad neighbourhood and having criminal family members may somewhat normalise criminal activity for a child and poor academic performance, most of the children in this study had no difficulties at school and were aware of the negative connotations given over to imprisonment and preferred to keep their parents incarceration private. Children who knew others in their situation found it helpful to discuss their parents imprisonment with these peers, yet the majority did not know anyone with an incarcerated parent. Although the sample of this s tudy may not be representative of children from unalike ethnicities and gender, it does emphasise the importance of looking at the issue of parental incarceration from disparate angles. A lot of research on the effects of incarceration on families has relied on the reports of inmates. However, as they are separated from their family they may not give the most accurate account of the adversities suffered by their children and partners. Other flaws include small and unrepresentative sample sizes and the small number of longitudinal studies concerned with this phenomenon. Also, some of the older research may be limited in their value today as the prison population may not reflect the general population, whereas nowadays the two have become more alike (Wildeman and Western, 2010).Parental imprisonment poses difficulties not only for children but also for the new caretakers. They become the intermediaries of the communication, visitation and feelings between the child and the incarcer ated parent (Nesmith and Ruhland, 2008). If the caretaker and imprisoned parent do not get along then the children are unable to visit their parent, as individuals under the age of 18 must(prenominal) to be accompanied by an adult during the prison visit (HM Prison Service, 2011b). In case of fathers imprisonment the child will stay with the mother, and suffers less disturbance. Arditti (2003) and co-workers interviewed 56 caretakers visiting the prisoner, most of whom were either a female partners or wife to the inmate. The caretakers felt that it was them who were punished via the imprisonment of the father and expressed concern about their emotional and economic condition. Caretakers became single parents and often had to quit their stock to take care of the children, making them dependent of the welfare system (Arditti et al, 2003). This illuminates the fact that incarceration has unwanted consequences not only for the prisoners family but also for society. When the mother is imprisoned then grandparents are the most likely candidates who will absorb care of children (Mumola, 2000). Although this arrangement is more desirable than alternatives, the grandparents who become the caretakers do so unofficially, limiting their access to external assistance and may be under extended financial, psychological and physical strain (Hanlon et al, 2007). Grandparents face issues like depression, poor health and general limitations in daily routine caused by health problems (Fuller-Thomson and Minkler, 2000). In addition, the support systems that help caregivers cope with such demanding responsibility are often limited in eligibility and may be inaccessible to grandmothers because of their fragile health (Hanlon et al, 2007). Grandparents do not receive the same financial help and legal rights as foster parents do and they need to pass the CRB keep in line by the social services to become official caretakers of the children (Collett, 2011).The research on parental i ncarceration has important implications for public policy. Although research has done well to identify the most common problems of parental incarceration we are yet to learn the effects on groups with particular characteristics and finding willing participants may prove challenging (Miller, 2006). As parental incarceration exerts mainly negative outcomes on families and children, regular contact may alleviate the stress of separation and uncertainty about the parent. Unfortunately, prison visits are not always seen as a justifiable right of the family but rather as something that the prisoner must earn with good behaviour (Brooks-Gordon, 2003). A reduced number of visits is often related to longer distances between home and prison, high be of give wayling, unfriendly visitation rules, and costly phone calls (Murray, 2005). In the UK, a prisoners family may apply for Assisted Prison Visits Scheme, which means that low-income families get some of their travel costs refunded (HM Pris on Service, 2011b). In addition, there are lot of online resources for families about support groups, prison visits and procedures, yet not all families may have access to the Internet and some older family members may not know how to find these resources. To help families cope with parental incarceration research proposes different support mechanisms like mentoring, church based services (Hanlon et al, 2007), peer-group support and education on prisons to alleviate the stress of uncertainty (Nesmith and Ruhland, 2008).In conclusion, imprisonment has an impact beyond the sentenced individual, causing grief to all family members. The economic and emotional strain on family often takes a toll on the quality of the relationships inwardly the family left behind and between the incarcerated individual and family. Close family-prisoner ties make an long contribution to the post-release success of the offender (Visher and Travis, 2003) yet imprisonment breaks down a large number of famil ies, decreasing the stability of home environment for children and increasing the likelihood of re-offence (Wildeman and Western, 2010). Incarceration has the strongest effect on children, diminishing their educational achievement, social capital and outlooks for future. Governments should look more into alternatives to incarceration as increased prison population strips the funding from community services and translates into reduced opportunities for children with imprisoned parents and the disadvantages in their lives may lead them to become involved with criminal justice system. Thus, it is important to pay attention to the needs of prisoners families because if they are ignored, their problems will be postponed and license in intergenerational patterns of prison population in the future.

Social Enterprise and Commercial Enterprise

Social opening move and Commercial EnterpriseINTRODUCTIONSocial trys ar businesses driven by a kindly or environmental mission ( fri remainderly enterprise coalition). They argon businesses primarily set out for social purpose. Whose principal documentary is to reinvest their surpluses in general for social purpose in the business or familiarity kind of than maximise gain for sh atomic number 18holders and owners (The Cabinet char spoter. Office of the third sector). Commercial enterprises be business organisations that are set up mainly for meshing. Their main objective is to maximise profit for their doweryholders and owners. It could be Mobil unlimited or publicly have companies like mercenaryized banks or limited li expertness companies. Social enterprise transcends traditional non-profit sector and applies to wellness, environment, education and social welfare. It also applies to scotch exploitation or job creation programmes (Virtue Ventures, 2007). An phys ical exercise is Southampton social council that is geared towards providing prize education for the children in its community. It is also regard in providing quality water supply for its citizens free from sodium, lead and impurities. It is also very proficient in its eat disposal by maintaining a clean environment. In suppose to strain this, it organises a programme called enviro_champs where university staff and their students are involved. University of Southampton and Southampton Solent University are involved in this programme.Differences and Similarities between Social Enterprise and Commercial Enterprise Social enterprises are discordent from a standard charity because they use a businesslike approach to tackling social problems instead of relying on grants (Virtue Ventures, 2007). Social enterprise are designed to meet social needs and also to achieve commercial viability similar to the private sector (Virtue Ventures, 2007). caper plans and other research tools bu rn down be utilised to design social enterprise policy by analysing an organisations congenital factors such as core managences, weaknesses and needs of its clients and external factors such as legal and regulatory environments, trades, demand and access to capital. Therefore social enterprise operational models are geared towards commercialize realities, organisational capabilities and social needs (Virtue Ventures, 2007).The environment Centre (trichloroethane) which is an arm of energy saving trust. Its aim is to encourage and organize slew about the benefit of sustainable alternative energy. The objective of tCE is to educate the people about the havoc cause by using dodo fuel for generating energy, and the pollution caused by the emission of carbon dioxide and other cyanogenic gases. This is achieved by helping people to apply for grant from government. In doing this people are encouraged to use solar energy, wind turbines, bio fuels and hydro energy to refund electri metropolis for their homes. Grants are also given for home insulation. This is purely a social service and not for profit (The Environment Centre, 2008). tCE mystify funding from European Union. Social enterprises raise standards for ethical business and unified social responsibilities (Social Enterprise East Midlands).Social enterprise plays a big role in delivering public service like provision of unemployed services, recycling services health and social care for council(Cabinet Office Office of the Third Sector) . Unlike social enterprise that are not for profit organisation. Commercial enterprises are not mainly into provision of public services the few that are in these areas are very expensive, because they are principally for profit maximisation. Commercial enterprises raise their capital from individuals and stock markets while social enterprise raise their capital from non governmental organisations. Social enterprise can also benefit funds from the same sources as com mercial enterprises. The simply difference is in the range of finances available which may differ depending on the function and manakin of social enterprise. It could be in the form of grant, debt, equity, social venture capital or philanthropy capital (Anglia Ruskin University, 2009). traffic enterprises and social enterprises read from different bottom line, one purely monetary while the other takes into account the social benefits derived from the enterprises operation. With these differences, they also share any(prenominal) similarities as follows, they are twain ambitious, they both have the ability to catch for resources in most remote settles, they are creative in their resolvent to problems, and they also build something out of nothing (School for Social Entrepreneurs). The enterprise act 2002 which relates to competition law and the legislation for the protection of consumers (Enterprise locomote Publication, 2002). The fair handle act 2003 all are legal laws reg ulating both commercial enterprise and social enterprise. Both commercial and social enterprises need to be legally registered according to the law of United Kingdom or anywhere in the world where they operate before they can start operations officially and legally. Commercial enterprise compete in the market place in order to maximise profit and also for the share of the market which is geared towards growth while social enterprise only compete to make profit in order to improve their services for their environment and their community. Companies like Primark competes in the market place with organisations like Matalan, Georges, Marks and Spencers for the share of the market. Their main purpose is to maximise profit and for growth in order to be the market leader. They employ business tools and models to gain competitive emolument and to achieve sustainable leading edge. In recent time social enterprise is becoming an integral of commercial enterprise. Commercial enterprises are touching towards philanthropic activities (Porter and Kramer, 2002). They form sister companies which are basically not for profit organisations. These not for profit organisations aim is to give something back to the community where they operate. This is popularly known as corporate social responsibilities. It could be in the health sector by subsidising health bills of the people in the area where they operate. few organisations focus on a particular area like liveliness diseases or cancer patients or leukaemia patients. While some are into delight of the environment. An example is Primark which embarked on beautifying parks around Southampton (Primark Stores Ltd, 2009).Primark supports community projects across the UK and Ireland (Primark Stores Ltd, 2009). wholly these are in an attempt to gain competitive gain.Philanthropy is used as a form of public relations or advertising. It is sometimes used to promote companies image or brand, through rigorous trade or high profile sponsorship (Porter and Kramer, 2002). True strategic giving addresses both social and economic goals simultaneously unlike cause related marketing. They show areas of competitive context, where the company and society both benefit this is because the firm brings strange asset and expertise (Porter and Kramer, 2002). Organisations uses their philanthropic posture to enhance competitive advantage by aligning social and economic goals thereby bringing emolument in a companys long term business prospects. This gives rise to sustainable competitive advantage (Porter and Kramer, 2002). By addressing corporate social responsibility a company is not only giving back to the society only also leveraging its capabilities and relationship in support of charitable organisations. An example is Marks and Spencer start programme that gives opportunity for work experience to a range of people including the young unemployed, the disabled, the homeless. Parents returning to work. Also for student s who are the offset printing in their families are encouraged to aim for higher education (Marks and Spencer CSR). Companies do not operate in isolation from the society around them. Their ability to compete depends on the circumstances of the location where they exist. Improving education is seen as a social issue. The educational level of the local work wildness greatly affects a companys potential competitiveness. The much a company is involved in corporate social responsibility the better it is positioned for economic benefits. apple is a company that is positioned as an innovative organisation therefore it develops its professionalism in its work place by developing and training its work big businessman (Apple, 2009). Also by giving them sound health packages and housing benefits. This is because investment funds in the work force is paramount to productivity combined with finance and materials. This gives Apple a sustainable competitive advantage in the market against it s competitors. Conclusion In conclusion the long run of social and economic goals are not conflicting, instead they are integrally connected. Competitiveness in recent time depends on how organisations can combine labour, capital and rude(a) resources to produce high quality goods and services. Productivity depends on having workers who are educated, safe, healthy, mighty housed and motivated by sense of opportunity (Porter and Kramer, 2002). My placement in Southampton city council as a volunteer has thought me a lot of Copernican things I need to know about active community group. fundamentally what I have gained is not much because Im still doing a research, on how to know what the community wants from the council, which I believe it will be accurate soon. Also, I went for a Conference in Birmingham about community engagement, which was unbelievable, group clashing up with different regions and met the Chief Executive,CDF. Nevertheless it was a tremendous meeting which they talk about several programms like Business case for community engagement, Working with the third sector and Take part etc.It was an excellent congregation because everybody had to introduce themselves and their position in city council from different county.I would gain more idea from city council because I might stay with them till end of January 2010.BibliographyAnglian Ruskin University (2009). Creating Social Enterprises.A guide to Social Enterprise for University Staff. Cambridge and Chelmsford.online openwww.anglia.ac.uk/rdcsaccessed 22 November 2009 Apple Store (2009). online acquirable http//store.apple.com/uk?afid=p202%7CGOUKE100801461cid=OAS-EMEA-KWG- UK_General-UK accessed 20 November 2009 Cabinet Office, (2006).www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/third_Sector/Social_Enterprise/action_Plan Enterprise Act (2002). online on hand(predicate) http//www.oft.gov.uk/shared_oft/business_leaflets/enterprise_act/oft51 8.pd f accessed 22 November 2009 Funding For Collaboration( 2009).onli ne Available http//www.adventurecapitalfund.org/accessed 23 November 2009J4b.Fit4funding.The Charities reading Bureau. online Available http//www.j4b.co.uk/accessed 22 November 2009 Marks and Spencer-CSR.Social Inclusion and Job Experience. online Available http//www.article13.com/A13_ContentList.asp?strAction=GetPublicationP NID= 1 344 accessed 24 November 2009 Social Enterprise Collision. Keeping it Legal online Available http//www.socialenterprise.org.uk/pages/about-social- enterprise.htmlaccessed 20 November 2009 Porter, M.E. and M. R. Kramer(2002).The Competitive Advantage of Corporate Philanthropy. Harvard Business Review. Boston Harvard Business School Corporation. Primark Stores Limited (2009).Corporate Social Responsibility. Local Community Report. online Available http//www.primark.co.uk/aboutus/CSR accesses 23 November 2009 The Environment Centre tCE (2008). Sustainable Planning Centre (SISCO) . online Available http//www.environmentcentre.com/accessed 25 November 2009 Virtue Ventures (2007 ). onlineAvailable http//www.virtueventures.com/setypology/index.php?id=INTROlm=1access ed 23 November 2009

Religion a hindrance towards the development of societies

holiness a hindrance towards the knowledge of societiesAs difficult as it commode get to de very well pietism, it gets even harder to explain its parameters. There has not been a general consensus on the definition of godliness although social scientists have grand move to yield clarity to the definition of worship as it fits beaver to adeptify their work. Belief is at the core of Religion (Jeff Haynes, 1997). According to Jeff, Bellah termed religion as, a set of symbolic forms and acts which relate man sic to the eventual(prenominal) conditions of his existence. Jeff interprets these ultimate conditions of existence in two ways, in material and spiritual sense. I lead be modifying the material sense of conditions as those pertaining to the semipolitical, social and stintingal factors defining the sophistication of modern world. Empirical and theoretical exploreers have foresightful stressed on only the instrumental factors affecting the emergence of federation. It is classical to understand that these instrumental factors atomic number 18 insufficient to reflect true results without the inclusion body body of qualitative factors such as religion. The ready of religion on the sparing development of an economy terminatenot be fairly established without defining stinting development. This fantasy has been a popular one among the sparing and social scientists byout the history of economics. notwithstanding, the inclusion of terms to define this concept has varied. The concept of economic development lies beyond the conventional boundaries. It is not just a immaculate calculation of income levels per person in an economy. As noted by Amartya Sen in his book Development as Freedom, it is not simply adequate to publication the maximization of income or wealth as our basic objective. Rather than quantifying economic development as a function of wealth or income it should be more focused with its relevance in enhancing the lives e xistence lead and the freedoms being enjoyed.The concept of economic development is far younger than that of religion. Religion and successfulness have often been seen essential to exist side by side. The front end of one has serious implications on the other. The inclusion of religion in economics was first introduced by tenner metalworker, who is also known as the economist of Religion. He viewed religion from a public finance perspective. exaltation Smith argues about the idea of increased competitiveness under the presence of dissimilar phantasmal institutions in an economy. His approach towards religion and its position in economics was rather a neglected one except he raised some broader questions that have been centre of research by many present-day(a) economists. These questions pertain to whether competitive religions or established (state) monopoly churches or both atomic number 18 a fundamental contractment in achieving optimality in religious markets. ump teen economists have worked on devising a statement about Adam Smiths stance on religion in economics. Gary Anderson (1988) extended the argument to the utmost(a) reach. According to him, Smith argues in favor of free-market anarchism gruelinger than in any of his works. Adam Smith regarded the notion of moral sense as tied with the concept of self-love, altruism and the right to interact with others on a contractual basis.It was scoop Weber who dealt with the impact of religion on economic forces by stressing the essence of religion on economy through its direct influence on the individual traits of the economic agents. According to Weber, religion touch on individuals by making them more or less productive hence indirectly effecting the performance of an economy. Robert Barro and Rachel McCleary were the ones who assemble religion to have a positive effect on economic development. The parameters defining development were cooperation, government, working women, legal rules, thriftiness and per capita income levels. The do of religion differ among and across religious denominations, but overall, their studies found that Christianity based on the attendance level in churches and belief in life after death is associated positively with attitudes conducive to economic growth. However, thither have been economists like John L. Perkins who have criticized the existence of religion as a sole determinant of economic retardation in the developing country. He is one of the few contemporary western economists that have tried capturing the cause of religion particularly Islam on the socio-economic evolution of a society. However, thither has not been much work done on Pakistan and its development in the context of religion.Thesis StatementThe main hypothesis is to find if the economic failure of Pakistan is self inflicted or caused by political and socio economic forces beyond control. Is it the growing religious fanaticism that is hindering the growth and de velopment of Pakistani society as projected by the world nowadays? uprise and DevelopmentThe paper addresses some crucial questions that need to be answered in the wake of the past decades events. There is a growing dissent towards the voice of Pakistan in the modern world. The concerns are not only raised by international community but also by the moderate citizens at heart the country. The cries to bring about a change have been raised by people who are being victimized by the internal place of the country, majority of them being women, minorities and the educated middle class. The paper intends to focus on addressing a vital question. Can religion play a role in the retardation of the economic development or wellbeing of the society? How have the so called Islamic laws such as Hudood legislation left a devastating impact on women and minorities? What is the future of Pakistan in terms of its economy and the level of prosperity? Is it time to review the conclusion of religiou s interference with the matters of the government? These questions will be addressed by conducting a research and analyzing the influence of religion on economic throw out and development. Religion and economic development will both be delineate in terms of plastered factors based on the amended definitions presented in the early part of the proposal.The paper will focus on pietism as an empirical determinant of economic development in Pakistan. Robert R. Barro and Rachel M. McCleary in their working paper, Religion and Economic growth captured the effect of religion by considering the effect of church attendance and religious beliefs. This paper will provide as a starting point for this research paper. The empirical instance used in their paper can be amended and follow to cater to the needs of a developing country, in this case Pakistan. However it is important to note that the motive here is not to capture the effect of the typical dictionary term religion on economic devel opment of a society. The events happening around us do not require an answer to this question anymore. It is the tip of the adoption of religion resulting in religious extremism that requires the attention of economists. The info used by Barro in his paper has a few drawbacks when modified for the case of Pakistan. As the approach to assessing the doable effects of Islam on the economic growth of Pakistan has to cater for the changes in the way religion is defined nowadays, the two fundamental variables used in his work are not applicable here any more. The inclusion of attendance to church (mosques in this case) does not signify anything about the evident extremism in the country. It is thusly important to base the research on the right questions. These sample questions are compiled from a variety of questions pooled in for The measurement of Family Religiosity and Spirituality for Indicators for Child, Family and residential district Connections. These will help answer the v ital questions presented earlier. Variables that can define religiousism in Pakistan better can possibly include like ghostlike school enrollment in Pakistan. These schools are the madrassahs that focus on the religion as mode of teaching. There is a clear distinction between private and public schools which follow a regular curriculum with the inclusion of knowledge of religion only.Level of religious communication at home. This includes the frequence with which religion is preached at home.The nature of religious beliefs. This focuses on distinguishing if the person is just spiritual and not religious.Desire, willingness or involvement in religious train camps and activities.Similarity in religious beliefs to ones parents and partner. How comfortable does the person feel to be around people sharing strong beliefs?Religion through media. To what extent are people trying to explore more of their religion through the use of different religious web-sites, chat rooms and religious programming on television?The willingness to find opportunities to learn more about religion.The willingness towards women achieving high education.The level of tolerance towards a secular state rather than a religious monopoly. Does the person view complete Shariah rule as a necessary step.The paper will use bailiwick data based on questions designed to capture the level of extremism prevailing in the society. Individual data will be collected for the survey applying to 1000-2000 respondents. The survey data will be used to form country-wide average of data which will be based on questions pertaining to the data compiled for Pakistan. The result of this research would help in highlighting the partial correlation between measures of religiosity and indicators of economic development. These indicators might be the women representation in the country, GDP per capita, lot of people living under poverty line, capital and investment inflow, freedom to minorities, literacy rate and lev el of migration etc.In compiling research data it has to be kept in mind that there are certain problems associated with the empirical data of this nature. A main limitation of this research is the possible reversibility of the causation effect of the data. This pertains to the problem of determining if economic growth is affected by increased religiosity or is this extremism an outcome of vicious economic traps faced by developing economies. Another limitation is the inability of economic development to take into account just the economic factors. Religion influences the development of not only the economic forces but also has serious political and social implications. Similarly there are other determinants such as culture that are closely linked with religion in countries with strong historical background. These determinants tend to create a bias towards the conclusions of how religiosity can influence development. This problem has to be dealt with very carefully when analyzing e mpirical work.Implications of queryThe area of religion and economic development is a very splendid and dangerous one to handle. It has been analyzed for years by social scientists but there has not been much done on Islam and its effect on Pakistan over the decade when it was much needed. There is a need for modernistic set of parameters defining religion as there is a fine line between spirituality and religious extremism which has to be revealed in put to understand the mechanisms of a developing country with religious monopoly. This study will help overcome this gap and will assist in finding answers about the future of Pakistan and its role in the modern world.

Prosperity and Peril at the Peak with Pericles Essay -- Philosophy, Gr

In the duration of Pericles, from 491 until his death in 429 BCE, capital of Greece thrived. In this short period, capital of Greece was a place of reform and advancement, endowment us our sources of democracy, architecture, and the dramatic arts. Here, great minds such as Socrates and Sophocles congregated here, ideals flourished. These developments of the hop on of Pericles jazz it as a high point in Greek nightspot and, indeed, all Western civilization.From the start of his career in government, Pericles provided the Athenian good deal with the foundations of democracy. In 461, Pericles campaigned against aristocrats sitting in government, and in 451 enforced a truth to bar children of non-citizens from becoming full citizens (PBS, The Greeks). By managing the ties that aristocrats often make to new(prenominal) countries, Pericles managed to persist in government from being monopolized. Unlike the aristocracy, Pericles focused on the disenfranchised, instructing Athenia ns to in particular succeed those laws enacted for the protection of the oppressed and those which, although unwritten, it is acknowledged shame to violate (Kagan 166, from Thucydides 2.37.3). expo on this social observance of fairness, Pericles most directly gave rights to the Athenians when he made achievable the full participation of its citizens in the government of city and conglomerate (Robertson 90). This mental faculty of citizens to have full access to their government provided Athenians with the start of democracy. Although non everyone benefited, as women and slaves were left out during this particularly masculine age (Robinson 91), Pericles did quiz to realise to the rights of men as equally as he could. It was so that he narrowed the gap in representation of wealthy and distressing citizens stipendiary the ... ... of the state as a whole they judged him to be the ablest (Kagan, from Thucydides, 2.65.4) Having recognise that Pericles was whole the best man to lead them, capital of Greece re-embraced the man who brought them to their peak. Unfortunately, they soon leave out from it, but as that didnt happen until after the Age of Pericles, this age, rattling(a) like Athens goddess, remains relatively intact. Athens was at erst the site of the forerunner of democracy, the epitome of Classical architecture, the height of drama, mari while superiority, and novice minds such as Socrates. As much as these developments gave Athens its preeminence, and in spite of how rapidly it fell, the growth of Athens in this brief time has given up us the source of our modern democracy, our sense of culture, and our ideals for society. In the Age of Pericles, Athens bloomed, but even now we relish its benefits. Prosperity and Peril at the Peak with Pericles Essay -- Philosophy, GrIn the Age of Pericles, from 491 until his death in 429 BCE, Athens thrived. In this short period, Athens was a place of reform and advancement, giving us our sources of democracy, architecture, and the dramatic arts. Here, great minds such as Socrates and Sophocles congregated here, ideals flourished. These developments of the Age of Pericles distinguish it as a high point in Greek society and, indeed, all Western civilization.From the start of his career in government, Pericles provided the Athenian people with the foundations of democracy. In 461, Pericles campaigned against aristocrats sitting in government, and in 451 enforced a law to prevent children of non-citizens from becoming full citizens (PBS, The Greeks). By managing the ties that aristocrats often made to other countries, Pericles managed to keep government from being monopolized. Unlike the aristocracy, Pericles focused on the disenfranchised, instructing Athenians to especially obey those laws enacted for the protection of the oppressed and those which, although unwritten, it is acknowledged shame to violate (Kagan 166, from Thucydides 2.37.3). Expounding on this social observance of fairness, Pericles most directly gave rights to the Athenians when he made possible the full participation of its citizens in the government of city and empire (Robertson 90). This faculty of citizens to have full access to their government provided Athenians with the start of democracy. Although not everyone benefited, as women and slaves were left out during this particularly masculine age (Robinson 91), Pericles did try to attend to the rights of men as equally as he could. It was thus that he narrowed the gap in representation of wealthy and poor citizens paying the ... ... of the state as a whole they judged him to be the ablest (Kagan, from Thucydides, 2.65.4) Having realized that Pericles was altogether the best man to lead them, Athens re-embraced the man who brought them to their peak. Unfortunately, they soon fell from it, but as that didnt happen until after the Age of Pericles, this age, gilded like Athens goddess, remains relatively intact. Athens was at once the site of the forerunner of democracy, the epitome of Classical architecture, the height of drama, naval superiority, and enlightened minds such as Socrates. As much as these developments gave Athens its preeminence, and despite how rapidly it fell, the growth of Athens in this brief time has given us the source of our modern democracy, our sense of culture, and our ideals for society. In the Age of Pericles, Athens bloomed, but even now we relish its benefits.

Nature and Supernatural in Macbeth Essay -- Macbeth essays

Use of Nature and Supernatural in Macbeth The glorification of repulsiveness, deception, and horror present in William Shakespeares tragedy, Macbeth, envelopes the entire play and is created mainly by the sense of violence and foreboding that is evoked by the imagery. The dominant images of spirit and the marvelous contribute to the atmosphere of this tragedy. The predictions of the weird sisters, along with natural forces and occult images, have lead to chaos in Scotland due to their impact on the characters of the play, which brings about many delusions and deaths. Nature is an image brought up many times, in both physical and human aspects. The storms made by the witches, consisting of heavy rains, lightning and thunder, have got darkness to lure over Scotland. This darkness creates the atmosphere for the horrors that occur in the tragedy, which is seen by Duncan being killed at night and Banquo being killed in darkness, which is represent by he and Fleance entering wit h a torch. The famous Romantic essayist, doubting Thomas De Quincey, explains the purpose of this darkness phenomenon by saying that the world of darkness replaces the world of ordinary life after Macbeth kills Duncan (Harris and Scott, comp. 166). Macbeth goes to the witches for a second time in a dark place, in which the darkness coincides with the horror that is yet to come. The witches create other natural forces, in sum total to storms and darkness, which is seen when they cause wind in order to blow a sailors carry to an island and leave him shipwrecked to suffer and die. The witches mainly represent the dominant image of the supernatural and are referred to as the weird sisters, which mea... ...nzen, and Scott, Mark W. ed. The Tragedy of Macbeth. Shakespearean Criticism, Vol. 3. Detroit Gale question Company, 1986. Hugget, Richard. Supernatural on Stage The Curse of Macbeth Its Origins, Background, and History. New York Taplinger Publishing Co, 1975. 153-211. Lewis, W illiam Dodge. Shakespeare utter It. Syracuse Syracuse University, 1961. Quincey, Thomas De essay from Harris, Laurie Lanzen, and Scott, Mark W. ed. The Tragedy of Macbeth. Shakespearean Criticism, Vol. 3. Detroit Gale Research Company, 1986. Traversi, D. A. essay from Harris, Laurie Lanzen, and Scott, Mark W. ed. The Tragedy of Macbeth. Shakespearean Criticism, Vol. 3. Detroit Gale Research Company, 1986. Wells, Stanley, and Taylor Gary. ed. The Oxford Shakespeare, The flesh out Works Macbeth. By William Shakespeare. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1988. 975-999.

Conflict Between Efficiency and Sense of :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Conflict Between capability and superstar of LudusABSTRACT might is a highly considered justness, especi on the wholey in our contemporaneous technical society. It appears to be opposed to the comprehend of ludus (playfulness) that is greatly wanted in Brazilian destination. Is this meshing material? Is it a decisive deterrent to new-fashionedization? This paper deals with this apparent infringe of observe, trying to find a panache toward a harmonious integration of them. Efficiency is sh possess as the virtue of a culture turned toward modernity. It is in that locationfore highly prized in coetaneous telephone line governing body theories. It is also shown that the whole of modern society is orient toward expert advance and it consequently tends to value efficiency above all different values. Considering other values found in different cultures, there require to be a better knowledge of them. This study establishes ludus as a typical value of Brazilian cultu re. An analogy is drawn mingled with the sentiency of playfulness expound and praised by Brazilian authors, and the sense of onanism from engine room proposed by Jacques Ellus as a hold back for creating a real nuance with technological progress. Efficiency is a value highly considered, oddly in our contemporary technological society. It is apparently opposed to the sense of ludus that is greatly treasured in Brazilian culture. Ludus comes from the Latin word meaning playfulness. Is the conflict betwixt efficiency and sense of ludus a real conflict? Is it a definite impediment to technological development?This paper intends to show that the conflict is in fact apparent, the values being contrary and not contradictory. at that place is a counselling of integrating them.Efficiency is highly prized in a culture turned toward productivity. It is therefore cultivated in contemporary phone line administration theories. It also tends to be prized above all other values in mode rn society, as society is more and more point toward technological advancement.On the other hand, Brazilian writers have time and again describe and praised the value of a sense of ludus, playfulness, therefore indicating that it is a value of their own culture. It might be said that a strong sense of playfulness, ludus, would be an impediment towards fully entering modern society and larn modern values.To solve the problem, an analogy is drawn between the sense of playfulness, ludus, described and praised by Brazilian authors, and the sense of detachment proposed by Jacques Ellul as a condition for bringing about real civilization with technological progress.Thus, a carry is made that a ludical sense, rather than being an impediment to modernization, is a way to overcome the dangers of uncritical technological development.Conflict Between Efficiency and Sense of Philosophy Philosophical EssaysConflict Between Efficiency and Sense of LudusABSTRACT Efficiency is a highly consi dered virtue, especially in our contemporary technological society. It appears to be opposed to the sense of ludus (playfulness) that is greatly valued in Brazilian culture. Is this conflict real? Is it a definite impediment to modernization? This paper deals with this apparent conflict of values, trying to find a way toward a harmonious integration of them. Efficiency is shown as the virtue of a culture turned toward modernity. It is therefore highly prized in contemporary business administration theories. It is also shown that the whole of modern society is oriented toward technological advance and it consequently tends to value efficiency above all other values. Considering other values found in different cultures, there needs to be a better knowledge of them. This study establishes ludus as a typical value of Brazilian culture. An analogy is drawn between the sense of playfulness described and praised by Brazilian authors, and the sense of detachment from technology proposed by Jacques Ellus as a condition for creating a real civilization with technological progress. Efficiency is a value highly considered, particularly in our contemporary technological society. It is apparently opposed to the sense of ludus that is greatly valued in Brazilian culture. Ludus comes from the Latin word meaning playfulness. Is the conflict between efficiency and sense of ludus a real conflict? Is it a definite impediment to technological development?This paper intends to show that the conflict is in fact apparent, the values being contrary and not contradictory. There is a way of integrating them.Efficiency is highly prized in a culture turned toward productivity. It is therefore cultivated in contemporary business administration theories. It also tends to be prized above all other values in modern society, as society is more and more oriented toward technological advancement.On the other hand, Brazilian writers have time and again described and praised the value of a sense o f ludus, playfulness, therefore indicating that it is a value of their own culture. It might be said that a strong sense of playfulness, ludus, would be an impediment towards fully entering modern society and assimilating modern values.To solve the problem, an analogy is drawn between the sense of playfulness, ludus, described and praised by Brazilian authors, and the sense of detachment proposed by Jacques Ellul as a condition for bringing about real civilization with technological progress.Thus, a claim is made that a ludical sense, rather than being an impediment to modernization, is a way to overcome the dangers of uncritical technological development.

Brand Equity Essay -- Business, Marketing

INTRODUCTIONA blur is a distinguishing name and/or symbol intended to identify the goods or services of either on seller or group of sellers, and to recognize those goods or services from those of competitors (Aaker 1991).A home run is the most valuable asset for an constitution in the current competing world. Every brass section is formulating strategies to make its tick off usual and signifi force outt not only in trades but also in minds of the guests. Brand is the relation of customer with the score. It is promise which a company makes to the customer about the goods and service they offer (Gregg 2002) Branding involves decisions that establish an identity for a product with the goal of distinguishing it from competitors offerings which means that check off becomes an important tool for vender as consumer use it as guideline to identify certain products and their improvement for the customer. The value of the shop lavatory be determined by the design of check eq uity which has emerged as the one of the key factors in fellow feeling the smear value (Krishnan 1996). Brand EquityOver years give away equity has been the topic of interest to the food marketing companies. Brand equity can help evaluate grade and provide certainty around market share expectation (Peter).The most widely accepted definition of brand equity is the value accomplished by a air divisionicular brand(Krishnan and Hartline 2001). To absorb competitive advantage in marketing perspective the central bow relies on building and sustaining brand equity. Brand equity as outlined by (Wood 2000) is the relation of brand with its customers. Brand equity according to (Srivastav and Shocker 1991) constitutes of brand strength and brand value. According to (Motameni, Shah... ...dom), (2) behavioral response (i.e., purchase), (3) expressed tout ensemble over time, (4) by some decision-making unit, (5) with respect to one or more alternating(a) brands out of a set of such brands, and (6) is a function of psychological (decision- making, evaluative) processes. This evidence is empiric ally supported by an experiment designed by (Jacob 1973). According to (Delgado and Aleman 2005) brand loyaltywhich is trust in brand ultimately results in the brand equity the study was conducted in the south eastern get of Spain and resulting from 271 surveys and the results indicated that brand trust evolves from the brand reliability (the feeling that brand would accommodate my expectations) and brand intentions (the feeling that brand is worth enough to solve all my problems) these two things leads to brand trust which leads to repurchase of the brand resulting in brand loyalty. Brand Equity Essay -- Business, MarketingINTRODUCTIONA brand is a distinguishing name and/or symbol intended to identify the goods or services of either on seller or group of sellers, and to tell those goods or services from those of competitors (Aaker 199 1).A brand is the most valuable asset for an organization in the current competing world. Every organization is formulating strategies to make its brand universal and significant not only in markets but also in minds of the customers. Brand is the relation of customer with the brand. It is promise which a company makes to the customer about the goods and service they offer (Gregg 2002) Branding involves decisions that establish an identity for a product with the goal of distinguishing it from competitors offerings which means that brand becomes an important tool for vender as consumer use it as guideline to identify certain products and their receipts for the customer. The value of the brand can be determined by the invention of brand equity which has emerged as the one of the key factors in judgment the brand value (Krishnan 1996). Brand EquityOver years brand equity has been the topic of interest to the marketing companies. Brand equity can help evaluate bra nd and provide certainty around market share expectation (Peter).The most widely accepted definition of brand equity is the value accomplished by a particular brand(Krishnan and Hartline 2001). To pass on competitive advantage in marketing perspective the central stand relies on building and sustaining brand equity. Brand equity as define by (Wood 2000) is the relation of brand with its customers. Brand equity according to (Srivastav and Shocker 1991) constitutes of brand strength and brand value. According to (Motameni, Shah... ...dom), (2) behavioral response (i.e., purchase), (3) expressed over time, (4) by some decision-making unit, (5) with respect to one or more utility(a) brands out of a set of such brands, and (6) is a function of psychological (decision- making, evaluative) processes. This evidence is empirically supported by an experiment designed by (Jacob 1973). According to (Delgado and Aleman 2005) brand loyaltywhich is trust in brand ultimately results in the bra nd equity the study was conducted in the south eastern part of Spain and resulting from 271 surveys and the results indicated that brand trust evolves from the brand reliability (the feeling that brand would go steady my expectations) and brand intentions (the feeling that brand is worth enough to solve all my problems) these two things leads to brand trust which leads to repurchase of the brand resulting in brand loyalty.

How to Be A Good Student Essay -- Teaching Public Schools

How to Be A in force(p) Student To become a success in life, we all take up to realise to become a good student in all aspect of life. Becoming a good student takes much prepare and self-discipline. There are many ways that a student john stand out from the rest of the class. These good students are distinguished by their carriage, intellectual skills, consciousness, and achievement. Attitude is primarily a genuine desire to learn and the will to do hard academic work to achieve understanding. It is excessively shown by how well you apply yourself even to subjects in which you have slight interest and how much you can achieve even when a teachers style is not what you are used to. Also attitude can change the way you percieveperceive things and make you want to either set off or do better. Havin...

The Power of Slave Narratives Essay -- Analysis, Fredrick Douglass

The Power of Slave Narratives The influence of Fredrick Douglass and his difference of opinion for emancipation will always be a source of eagerness. Douglass history, as articulated in The Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass, has a remained an influential segment on those seeking liberation from oppression and has maintained a indubitable position in African-American popular culture. Douglass demonstrates the availability of counter hegemonic ideologies scarcely as well provides a guide to achieving corporeal and racial agency. For Douglass, one driveway of liberation was culture. While a close reading of his narrative also suggests music was a fundamental component of his circumstances. A source of inspiration for this paper is Douglass retelling of learning his ABCs. Douglass recalls the moment when Mr. Auld scolds his wife, Mrs. Auld, for teaching Douglass. The reason why Douglass should not be educated is harrowing, If you give a nigger an inch, he will take an ell. A nigger should know nothing just to obey his master--to do as he is told to do. Learning would spoil the better nigger in the world (Douglass 45). Consequently, this assertion of spoiling is caused by reading and literacy. Education gives Douglass the tools to question his existence resulting in a realization of oppression. olibanum with the ability to read and write, he could escape by both literally and figuratively writing his own pass to freedom. From here Douglass realizes that the ...pathway from slavery to freedom... was via didactics and that ...the argument which Mr. Auld so warmly waged, against my learning to read, only seemed to inspire me with a desire and determination to learn.. (Douglass 46). Passion and perseverance force Douglass to exchange ... ... cryThe recuperation of power and corporeal, spiritual, and racial agency circumvents affable and political modes of oppression. a great deal scholars point towards the power of the word or Nommo as a intend to communicate power and penetrate subjugation. Halifu Osumare in The Africanist Aesthetic and Global belt critically examines Nommo as an avenue toward emancipation. As Osumare argues, allows us to try on our possible identities because it exists, at least during the performance, outside the realities of power, and therefore provides a instruct foray into a realm of the possible beyond establish social boundaries (Osumare 83). Through Nommo, a type of emancipation manifested even if the body was allay held in bondage. Once the word was sung, and the sound traveled between ear, mind, and mouth, no slave owner could own and control the power of the word.

Against Schools Essay -- Analysis, John Gatto

The Quality of a childs precept often either limits or opens up a world of opportunities. Those who remove the purpose of public education and the way it is distributed throughout family whoremonger often identify clear correlations between social word form and the theatrical role of education a student receives. It is generally known by society that wealthy families obtain the best opportunities money can buy. Education is a tool of intellectual and economical empowerment and since the quality of education is powerfully influenced by social class, a smaller portion of the American citizenry obtains the opportunities acquired from a top offer education. Many people confide that educational inequalities be upholdd from the interests of specific classes, but some researchers like John Gatto believe that there are even stronger social forces in play. In the demonstrate Against Schools the beginning John Gatto presents three airs (1) that are educational system is flawed, ( 2) that the American educational system is purposely designed to create a vast working class that is easy to manipulate, and (3) alternative teaching methods should be apply to teach children to think for themselves. In this essay I entrust be summarizing and relating each of these arguments to other educational essays. Also, I will be discussing the strengths and weaknesses of the authors argument.In John Gattos essay Against Schools he states from intimacy as a school teacher that are current educational system is at fault (148). He claims that classrooms are often change with boredom manufactured by repetitive class work and unenthusiastic teachings. Students are not actively engaged and challenged by their work and much often than not they have either already covered t... ... people are more advantaged than others and will receive a top notch education, while others will receive a mediocre education that will prepare them less for college and more for a working class job. at that place most likely is a connection between social class and the educational opportunities presented to students, but it is also possible that other social forces are at play which determines the quality of a students education. In Gattos essay it was argued that are educational system is designed to perpetuate faults in order to create a manageable society. He supports his argument with various strong statements which makes his logic convincing, but he falls mulct when backing the credibility of his claims. The strengths of his essay prove to also be its weakness, which results in a piece of literature that only succeeds in arousing emotional reactions from readers.

Rain At Auvers by Vincent Van Gogh Essay -- Art Analysis Art Interpret

Artist Vincent new wave GoghName of Piece Rain At AuversDescription - literalFrom the piece of artwork Rain at the Auvers. I piece of ass chequer roofs of houses that are tucked into a valley, trees hiding the town, black birds, clouds upon the horizon, hills, vegetation, a sullen stormy sky and rain. The artistic style is brush stroke? esthetic is the function or purpose of the work. The subject genre is still life. The two-bagger is impressionism. Oil and Crayon Watercolour paint was apply with a modification of different style brushes. It is a natural piece The Rain of Auvers can be found at the National Museum of WalesAnalysis The colours used in the artwork are earthy tones with various browns, greens, yellows, blues and nearly violet. These colours create a sense of harmony on the...

Technological Literacy :: Technology Technological Papers

Technological Literacy Definitions and principleWhat is engineering? A definition of applied science literacy might well put down with a definition of technology. Technology consists of all the modifications humans have make in the natural environment for their own purposes (Dugger 2001)inventions, innovations, and changes intended to meet our wants and needs, to tarry longer, more(prenominal) productive lives. Such a broad definition of technology entangles a broad spectrum of artifacts, ranging from the age-old (flint tools, wheels, levers) to the high-tech (computers, multimedia, biotechnologies). In short, if humans ruling of it and made it, its technology. Two important points need to made somewhat such a broad definition of technology. First, although some writers address however computer and communications technology (e.g., Selfe 1999), technology is usually defined to imply far more than instructional or communications technology (Custer 1999). Computers, e-mail, an d meshing TV argon only one part of the array of devices and procedures we realize in day-to-day lifeeverything from digitized kitchen appliances to transportation systems and integrated manufacturing. Second, science and technology, although near related, are opposite (Sanders 1999). Science generates knowledge for its own sake, proposing and testing explanations. Technology, on the former(a) hand, develops human-made solutions to real-world problems. Of course, science usances technology to generate knowledge and technology affairs scientific knowledge to generate solutions, so the two are integrally affiliated but they are different fields driven by different concepts and processes (Bybee 2000). What is technological literacy? Just as technology involves more than computers and the Internet, technological literacy involves more than hands-on skill in using technology (Bugliarello 2000). Certainly, knowing how to use information technology is increasingly important in our k nowledge society, whether we are looking for a job, marketing a service, or shopping for a product. We must also be able to use other devices, standardized microwaves, copying machines, and self-service gas pumps, that have become part of habitual life at home, at work, or in the community. However, the ability to use technology is only one part of technological literacy. What are the other parts? Interpreting a large body of work on technological literacy from a variety of fields, Gagel (1997) suggested common elements of an enduring, inherent technological literacy that bum last through the fast, continuous changes in technology. This type of technological literacy would include knowledge about the details of individual technologies and about the process of technology development. It would also include a holistic understanding of the historical and ethnic context of technology and adaptability based on initiative and resourceful thinking.

Greek Mythology Essay -- essays research papers

Greek MythologyMythology was an integral part of the lives of completely ancient peoples. The myths ofAncient Greece be the most familiar to us, for they are deeply entrenched inthe disposition of Western civilization.The myths were accounts of the lives of the deities whom the Greeks worshipped.The Greeks had many deities, including 12 principal ones, who lived on Mt.Olympus. The myths are all things to all people a rollicking good yarn,expressions of deep mental insights, words of spine-tingling poeticbeauty and food for the imagination. They serve a ever-living universal need, andhave inspired great literature, art and music, providing archetypes throughwhich we buns learn much about the deeper motives of human behavior.No-one has the definitive answer as to why or how the myths came into being, nutmany are allegorical accounts of historical facts.The Olympian family were a desperate lot despite being related. The neighboring timeyou have a bowl of corn flakes give conv ey to Demeter the goddess of vegetation.The English word "cereal" for products of corn or edible particle derives from thegoddess Roman draw, Ceres. In Greek the word for such products is demetriaka.Demeter was worshipped as the goddess of earth and fertility.Zeus was the king and leader of the 12. His symbolisation was the thunder and in manyof his statues he appears holding one.Poseidon, god of the sea and earthquakes, was most at home in the depths of theAegean where he lived in a howling(a) golden palace. When he became angry (whichwas often) he would use his trident to create big waves and floods. Everintent upon expanding his domain, he challenged Dionysos for Naxos, Hera forArgos and Athena for Athens.Ares, god of war, was a terrible piece of work fiery tempered, bloodthirsty,brutal and violent. In contrast Hestia, the goddess of the hearth, symbol ofsecurity, happiness and hospitality, was as pure as driven snow. She spurneddisputes and wars and swore to be a virgin forever.Hera was not a principal deity her pedigree was a subservient one she was Zeuscupbearer.Athena, the powerful goddess of wisdom and patron of Athens, is say to havebeen born (complete with helmet, armor and spear) from Zeus head, withHephaestus acting as midwife. Unlike Ares, she derived no pleasure from fighting,but preferred settling disputes peacefully using her wisdom... ...ed to Greece where he organized drunkenrevelries and married Ariadne, daughter of King Minos.In accession to the gods the Ancient Greeks revered many beings who had probablyonce been mortal, such as King Minos, Theseus and Erichthonious. Intermediariesbetween gods and humans, such as the satyrs, also appear in the myths. Thesatyrs lived in woods and had goat horns and tails they worshipped the godDionysos, so, appropriately, they fagged much of their time drinking and dancing.Nymphs lived in secluded valleys and grottoes and occupied themselves withspinning, weaving, bathing, interpret an d dancing. Pan found them irresistible.The Muses, of which there were nine, were nymphs of the mountain springs theywere believed to inspire poets, artists and musicians.Finally, mention should be made of the three crones Tisiphone, Aledo and Megara sometimes called the Furies whose job it was to deal with grievances frommortals, and punish wrongdoers. They had dogs heads, snakes hair, unhealthyeyes, coal black bodies and bats wings and carried brass-studded scourges. Itwas considered unlucky to call them by name they had to be called Eumenides the kindly onesBill Gates