Cuban Economics Essay -- Essays Papers

IntroductionModern Cuba is a country born of struggle. The revolutionary movement that organise the modern day government has remained in power for more than forty years. Indeed, the Cuban government is perhaps i of the most stable governments in the region. This feature is made even more evident by the recent fall of democracy in Haiti. However, the past ten years has seen a marked assortment in Cuban economic policy. Ostracized from the international community and faced with an embargo imposed by the United States, Cuba has turned to various sources of economic reform in order to survive in a global market.Background (1959 1991)During the early period after the revolution, Cubas primary economic base was based upon one agricultural resource sugar (Packenham, pg. 137). Without a diversified agricultural or industrial base, Cuba was forced to become dependent on the only superpower that share its political ideology, the Soviet Union. Indeed, Cuban trade with the Soviet U nion reached a level of 69 percent in 1978, a level equivalent to the number of trade conducted with the United States prior to the revolution (Packenham, pg. 139). As Cuba entered the 1980s, it was plagued with the same problems that had plagued it since its inception dependence on one agricultural produce and on one study trading partner. In the estimate of Carmelo Mesa-Lago, most of the Cuban growth from 1960-1984 came as a result of the $40 billion in Soviet aid (Cuban Economy, pg. 187). Leading up to the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Cuban economy was in a terrible condition.In 1986, the economic growth in think prices was only 1.4 percent compared to a planned rate of 3 percent. Labor productivity fell 1.6 per... ...orida Press (1994).Packenham, Robert A., Cuba and the USSR since 1959 What Kind of Dependency, pgs. 135-165 in Louis Horowitz ed., Cuban socialism (7th ed.), Transaction Publishers (1989).Perez-Lopez, Jorge F., Cubas Second Economy From Behind t he Scenes to Center Stage, Transaction Publishers (1995).Theriot, Lawrence H., Cuba Faces the Economic Realities of the 1980s, pgs. 257-276 in Louis Horowitz ed., Cuban Communism (7th ed.), Transaction Publishers (1989).Watson, Hilbourne A., The Techno-Paradigm Shift, Globalization, and Western hemisphere Integration Trends and Tendencies Mapping Issues in the Economic and Social Evolution of the Caribbean, pgs. 59-88 in Joseph S. Tulchin, Andres Serbin, and Rafael Hernandez eds., Cuba and the Caribbean Regional Issues and Trends in the Post-Cold War Era, Scholarly Resources (1997).

Can Happiness Be Achieved? Essay -- Happiness Essays

A library of wisdom, is more precious than all wealth, and all things that are desirable cannot be compared to it. -- PlatoThroughout time, people have constantly attempted to seek out what happiness truly is, and, if possible, how to succeed this happiness. The idea of what happiness is has changed often, and is dependent on the purlieu that the people live in. The era and the ideologies of that time period, the community, and who the people interact with all affect the idea of what happiness truly is. Because of this, what happiness is, and how to achieve it, will be continually changing.The true meaning and idea of happiness could perhaps never be truly known. Throughout the ages, the idea of what happiness is has been changing constantly, dependant on the time period of the person. This may be because thither is no one true idea of happiness and every separate ideology has a divers(prenominal) view and interpretation of what it means to be truly happy. While some may belie ve that it is through knowledge that happiness is achieved, others may believe it to be achieved through a balance between the physiological self and the moral self, or through overcoming cravings in any form. Happiness could simply be the hobbyhorse of knowledge, and the pursuit to understand what happiness really is. In studying and pursuing knowledge, happiness is achieved.In Platos ideas, happiness could be seen as an attempt to achieve perfection on earth. It would be impossible to be perfectly happy, because on earth the happiness would only be a representation or fake of the true idea of happiness. The true perfect form of happiness is only an idea that all humans strive to reach. Therefore, every person, throughout their personal circumsta... ...idea. If this is true, there may not be a point in attempting to be happy. The greatest comfort that people may have is knowing that there is no higher form of happiness, and by refusing to pursue it, they acquire a deeper underst anding and contentment of themselves. Happiness cannot be eternally defined, because the idea of what happiness is would change with the ideas of people. It may not be possible to ever truly understand what happiness really is, or if there is some higher form of happiness. If there is a higher idea of happiness, then this is what all people are striving for, but failing because it is impossible to reach the idea of happiness, just the representation of the idea of happiness. Whether or not happiness can be achieved or pursued, it is the attempt to understand more about happiness that brings the idea of happiness closer to possibility.

Clockworks Orange :: Free Essays Online

Clock serves OrangeIn the 1960s our developing world faces earthly concerny of its impurities. The early days of this nation fight for equal right, equality of the races and freedom of speech. But not all the protests are legal. Many people are guilty of treason and moldiness be punished but with an over crowded prison system were will these political prisoners be sent. The common criminals are flooding the system with in that location petty robbers, assaults and murders. We need to deal with the common criminal before we can deal with the political. The novel The Clockwork Orange written by Anthony Burgess depicts the life of a child of the night (Alex). Him and his droogs (friends) see life as something worthless as they rape, assault and murder their way though their teenage-hood. To help cure this problem the governing body comes up with a new way a deal with criminals. This method included the relation between crime and physical pain. The method is first employ on Alex when he was arrested. It works and he is released into society a violence free man. In the end Alex grows out of the treatment and goes back on a crime spree. He continues this until he grows out of teenage hood. The novel itself is well written, though it is a hard read. It contains over 200 Russian words that the lecturer must decipher themselves due to the fact that Anthony Burgess will not allow a glossary in any of his printings. The novel which is narrated by the man character pulls you into his life and shows the endorser what goes through the mind of the criminally insane. The flow of the novel is easy to follow with little confusion on what is in separately section. Many insights can be derived from this book and it can be used to support many different topics. A well rounded book that gives the reader wanting more. The power of youth is growing in the 60s. Teenager fight for their rights but when they have nothing more to fight for they will need something else to do. roug hly teens when bored turn to drug and crime as a source of pleasure. To deal with this me must stop it by sending the youth to correctional facilities. When these dont work adult punishments must be given. But what if we could trace back into the mind and find why we commit crimes.

Potential and Challenges for Carbon Sequestration in Agricultural Soils

Agriculture occupies a larger portion of global land area (about 35%) than any other(a) human activity (Betts and Falloon, 2007). Agriculture soil stocks have been suggested as potential measure to sequester atmospheric CO2 to help stabilize its concentration in atmosphere and has been estimated that 0.4-0.9 Pg C year-1 can be sequestrated within global agricultural soils (Paustian et al., 1998). This has been supported by the fourth assessment made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, that identified agriculture as among the economic sectors having the greatest near-term (by 2030) greenhouse gas mitigation potential, largely via soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration (Smith et al.,2007). However, currently, thither is much uncertainty and debate due to uncertainties associated with quantifying the impact of the various crop management practices on green house gas emission ,the spatial and impermanent scales involved in quantifying greenhouse gas emissions from, and C sequestration in, agro-ecosystems, uncertainty of future climatic conditions that affect type of crop mana...

Gun Control in Canada Essay -- Research Papers

Gun Control in CanadaGun Control is an important issue to Canadians. Canada has both provincial and federal legislation that restricts the sale, purchase, and use of different kinds of firearms. The United States, on the former(a) hand, do not have federal or state bills constricting the possession or use of firearms, only local laws exist there. A firearm consists of any barreled weapon from which a shot, bullet or other missile can be fired and that is capable of causing serious bodily harm or death. Societys concerns about protection from fierce crimes involving firearms have encouraged Canadian Parliament to pass tougher gun control legislation. The Federal Government responded by passing Bill C-68 that created the Firearms Act, which came into effect in declination of 1998. This is by far the strictest gun control law to date. Many Canadians objected to this legislation and wanted it repealed because they believe it is an unnecessary waste of tax dollars to further license and reminder law abiding gun owners. Firearm laws have become an extensive debate in society and also politics. Politicians from western provinces and rural beas are unlike to these stricter laws because there is a more widespread acceptance and use for guns around them. On the opposite side are politicians from urban areas where crime rates are higher, who embrace the new harsher gun control laws as one solution to violent crimes. There are many pros and cons to the recently passed Firearms Act to control guns in Canada. Severe gun control laws do not limit crime sufficiently enough and it is not worth the government money being played out on it. Government intervention in the licensing of firearms in Canada first took place in 1892. Prior to 1892 all ... ...t http//gateway.ontla.on.ca/documents/statusoflegOUT/b133_e.htm Dickinson, G. M., Liepner, M., Talos, S., & Buckingham, D. (1996). Understanding The Law (2nd ed.). Toronto McGraw-Hill Ryerson. History of Firearms Control in Ca nada up to and including the Firearms Act. (1998, December 23). Online. Available Internet http//cfc.gc.ca/historical/firearms/firearms_control.html Phasing-in Plan of Firearms Act 2000-2003. (2000, March 7). Online. Available Internet http//cfc.gc.ca/legal/phasing/default.html Reference re Firearms Act (Can.) self-governing Court Decision. (2000, June 15). Online. Available Internet http//www.lexum.umontreal.ca/cscscc/en/pub/2000/vol1/texte/2000scr1_0783.txt Too young for guns. (2000, August 8). Toronto Star, p. B4. Ward, J. (2000, July). Crime rate drops to 20-year low. Hamilton Spectator, p. D5.

Gun Control in Canada Essay -- Research Papers

Gun Control in CanadaGun Control is an important issue to Canadians. Canada has both provincial and federal legislation that restricts the sale, purchase, and procedure of different kinds of firearms. The fall in States, on the other hand, do not have federal or state bills restricting the possession or use of firearms, only local laws populate there. A firearm consists of any barreled weapon from which a shot, bullet or other missile can be fired and that is capable of make serious bodily harm or death. Societys concerns about protection from violent crimes involving firearms have encouraged Canadian Parliament to pass tougher particle accelerator control legislation. The Federal Government responded by passing Bill C-68 that created the Firearms Act, which came into effect in December of 1998. This is by far the strictest gun control law to date. some(prenominal) Canadians objected to this legislation and wanted it repealed because they believe it is an unnecessary waste of t ax dollars to further license and monitor law abiding gun owners. Firearm laws have find an extensive debate in society and also politics. Politicians from western provinces and rural areas are opposed to these stricter laws because there is a more widespread acceptance and use for guns around them. On the opposite side are politicians from urban areas where crime rates are higher, who embrace the new harsher gun control laws as nonpareil solution to violent crimes. There are many pros and cons to the recently passed Firearms Act to control guns in Canada. Severe gun control laws do not rebound crime sufficiently enough and it is not worth the government money being spent on it. Government intervention in the licensing of firearms in Canada offset took place in 1892. Prior to 1892 all ... ...t http//gateway.ontla.on.ca/documents/statusoflegOUT/b133_e.htm Dickinson, G. M., Liepner, M., Talos, S., & Buckingham, D. (1996). Understanding The Law (2nd ed.). Toronto McGraw-Hill Ryers on. History of Firearms Control in Canada up to and including the Firearms Act. (1998, December 23). Online. Available Internet http//cfc.gc.ca/historical/firearms/firearms_control.html Phasing-in purpose of Firearms Act 2000-2003. (2000, March 7). Online. Available Internet http//cfc.gc.ca/legal/phasing/default.html Reference re Firearms Act (Can.) Supreme Court Decision. (2000, June 15). Online. Available Internet http//www.lexum.umontreal.ca/cscscc/en/pub/2000/vol1/texte/2000scr1_0783.txt overly young for guns. (2000, August 8). Toronto Star, p. B4. Ward, J. (2000, July). Crime rate drops to 20-year low. Hamilton Spectator, p. D5.

THE NATIONAL TOBACCO STRATEGY

Facts about harm associated with tobacco plant and contact information for quit programs provide access to information and support School education programs that strain on assertiveness skills, academic success and developing a negative attitude to smoking all help young people to modify face-to-face behaviors and enhance skills that will be protective against smoking in future Quitting service Creating Supportive environments Promotion of can free messages and regulation of place creates a variety of physical and social support structures accessible to individuals Frightening media campaigns every cigarette is doing you damage maintained powerful antismog attitude in the with advertising of pharmaceutical products, such as nicotine patches, the urgency to quit is implemented by the sense of having a solution readily available. Most indoor and unrestricted places are smoke free, providing safe physical and social environments for people to work and interact socially.Non-health initiatives like housing, counseling and anti-violence strategies reduce stress and anxiety that might lead to smoking. Employment and genteelness programs to reduce boredom associated with unemployment-?address socio-cultural and socioeconomic determinants which influence tobacco use. Regulation of place of sale aims to eliminate the sale of tobacco products to minors and aka them less macroscopic hidden behind counters Strengthening Community action Local educational strategies such as peer support and mentoring programs improve self-esteem and the sense of outlay among students which can be protective factors against harm from tobacco use.Families and parents provided with safe places for children to avoid tobacco smoke-?parks Reorienting Health services Lifestyles prescription pads are tools used by Gaps to initiate discussions with patients about lifestyle behaviors-?help doctors introduce preventative assuages and recommendations for improving lifestyle behaviors. Building Healthy Public Policy. High levels of taxation on tobacco ensure cigarettes are less affordable, reducing access for younger people in particular Imposition of laws that prevent smoking in most public and indoor environments I. E. No smoking in pubs and clubs Place of drug education in all Australian schools an important cornerstone of public policy. Delivery of anti-smoking messages and information of anti-smoking attitudes as young as possible is critical.

Motivation Paper – Organization Behavior

The subject of human motivation is quite complicated for a number of reasons. Firstly, humans mature more(prenominal) slowly than any other organisms on this planet, and for this, the motivational tendencies are acquired more slowly too. Secondly, the someone is dependent on many of his fundamental satisfactions on other flock this is illustrated on his/her use of symbolic language to communicate these needs to others. Motivation is defined as the fancy that represents the fundamental influence that drives behavior and providing its linealion (Morris et al., 1999, p 284).In organizational behavior the principles in the study of behavior, especially on motivational theories, are applied in the workplace. Such theories help explain what motivates people in their attitudes toward work, their employers and other aspects of employment in general. One major motivational model or system more often used in organizations and industries is the theory by Abraham Maslow. More prominently ca lled as the pecking order of needs, this theory explains an individuals needs on distinct take aims.On the theory, Maslow defines basic or fundamental needs as the individuals biological needs like hunger, thirst and rest. Maslow believes that on this basic level lies the ontogenesis of the other so-called higher(prenominal) needs. If the lower levels are non satisfied, the implications mean the individual cannot or depart not move onto the higher levels (Morris et al., 1999, p.302). Maslows theory became a phenomenal one especially in industry because of its humanistic desirability they seemed significant to people. It helps clarify why some work incentives are not effective for some people and situations. And managers in work settings can implement interventions in their workplaces based on their understanding of human behavior according to the hierarchy of needs (Berry, 2002, p. 240).Figure 1.1 The following pyramid diagram illustrates Maslows hierarchical levels where the more basic needs must be largely satisfied before higher motives can emerge. Morris et al. 1999 in A.H.Maslow. Copyright 1954 by Harper & Row.Application4D industries top management has emphasized productivity as its top priority but where quality of expediency and loyalty to the company are not to be compromised. However, the company wanted a clear cut procedure on how this will be carried out. The work of OAKZ consultancy was asked to address 4Ds concerns. OAKZ consultancy drew a blueprint with an initial focus on 4Ds administrative staff. The rationale 4Ds administrative staff has the direct supervision on the companys production.They also become the top managements echo or voice regarding company policies and direction hence, the administrative staffs critical role in the sales and production or rank and file workers output. When the staff doesnt per plaster bandage to their terminus, this has a domino effect on the whole workforce. This was further enlightened by OAKZ consu ltancy leadership. After a survey from all levels to look into concerns or problems that plague the company, the OD (Organization Development) advisor gave the following recommendations.Since 4D (population 780 inclusive of -rank & file and middle management/administrative staff) is quite huge by rural/county standards, the company has tried to make their interventions as such(prenominal) as possible on a collective manner rather than on an individual set-up. Motivating the 150 administrative staff members to function to their utmost includes 1.) Looking into their status in the company, whether how many are probationary, casuals, contractuals, and permanent, to determine the extra incentives they will be receiving 2.) What privileges and perks have they received as a collective throng and as individuals, so far 3.)What forms will the incentives take i.e. cash and/or travel privileges, others 4.) The measures that 4D will use to be able to assess the effects of the incentives to t he individual workers (HR Metrics). The OD consultant from OAKZ pointed out that based on the Maslow model (above), an assumption is made that these staff members will perform better when their first three level needs will be secured and this is done through the following step the company should start to give away additional compensation in the form of increased salary commensurate to the output (quality time, punctuality, initiative, attitude, and participation in meetings and work discussions, etc.) of staff members. Underlying principleThis addresses the satisfaction of biological needs Security call for (can provide for more than food plus how to make the home more safe etc) and Belongingness Needs (more freedom to enjoy friendships because they can now afford, or fiends will appreciate them because they are no longer dependent on other people). The second important feature of the proposed program or scheme is the rotation al-Qaeda (will schedule) for staff members (could eith er be by twos) to attend national and/or international conferences for professional growth according to their specialty or would-be specialty. This addresses their observe and Self-actualization needs.Today, with the monitoring and guidance of the OD from OAKZ consultancy, 4D industries have started to implement the long-term program. There is high morale in the workplace and the rank and file and production people are influenced by the contagious self-confidence of the middle management. There are rumors circulating around that the next plan will soon include their numbers.Reference1. Berry, Lilly M.1997. psychology at Work An introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology. 2nd Ed. New York McGraw Hill.2. Morris, Charles G., and Maisto Albert A., 1999. Understanding Psychology 4th Ed. Prentice Hall. New Jersey.

Leadership Qualities by Community Outreach Program Essay

The Asian Ameri bottomland Drug Abuse Program follows the s2/m2 level of Situational Leadership theory developed by capital of Minnesota Hersey and Ken Blanchard. This model works best for AADAP because the operate they provide for people are mostly therapeutic in nature. AADAP offers many programs want residential services and employment access which are aimed at potential clients who are motivated but lack the skills to change without some form of treatment and rehabilitation.With regarding the managerial control grid format put forward by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton, AADAP is highly focused concerning both the people whom they help and the production they create. Based on the therapy provided and job training opportunities offered AADAP can be considered at the highest levels of the Managerial Grid often referred to as the team style. The Boys and Girls club of America at its best would follow the s3/m3 tier of the Hersey and Blanchard Situational Leadership theory. Boys and G irls clubs come across this role by placing more emphasis on building relationships.Main goals of the club are to provide young kids with a safe environment during the summers and later on school while supporting healthy habits, positive values, and a commitment to learning. As the Boys and Girls club is compared to model set by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton, their high focus on their people along with highly subjective production lands this club securely with the country club or accommodating style. The Division of Family and Children Services operates to completely incompatible means from national or local programs centered at helping the community.Those other programs, the Boys and Girls club and AADAP, have placed a greater emphasis on individual treatment and mentoring while the Georgia state Division of Family and Children Services is clearly weighted heavier towards high productivity. Programs sponsored by this division are about acquire vital services to children and fami lies like food and social services but without the types of relationships that clubs like the Boys and Girls offer the Division of Family and Children Services fits into the dictatorial style of the Managerial Grid. age comparing this Division to the Situational Leadership theory many similarities show up between s1/m1 levels of maturity and people who couldnt work and would need to use programs like food stamps that this Division offers. All of the levels presented by Ken Blanchard and Paul Hersey in their Situational Leadership theory show different managerial styles just like the Managerial Grid. While they lean on different support structures and focuses, they both present a similar message of utilizing separate styles and leadership roles based on your stave or clients and based on the type of business you are trying to lead.

Foundation of Christian Thought Applied Essay

If I were to sum up what I cook learned from this course it would be focused on Faith and a stark naked understanding of the Bible. Faith is non just part of religion but every aspect of our everyday lives, and is fascinatingly carried through the Bible from the originatening to the end. It began with the Creation, and go on throughout the F completely, Redemption, and performance of Christ. It is the foundation of the Christian perspective and what leads beau ideals people to salvation and good spiels. Our modern world is so corrosive to creed that savior Christ asked, When the Son of Man comes, will He really find trust on the earth? (Luke 188).He is in that respect to spread his people the gift of faith and to help them to grow in living faith that will last forever. In the beginning divinity fudge created the heaven and the earth. ( multiplication 11) In multiplication 1 we argon presented with the beginning of a elysian drama that can moreover be examined and u nderstood from the standpoint of faith. How long did it fritter away? How did it happen, exactly? No exclusivelyness can answer these questions definitively. In fact, these mysteries are non the focus of the creation story. The purpose, rather, is for moral and spiritual revelation. god was very sprightly with his creation. Six times throughout the process of creating, divinity fudge lives, observes his handiwork and says, It was very good. This is a great example of existence a part of Gods creation. crimsoningn when I feel unworthy of his pleasure, I have to remember that God made me and is pleased with me. In verse 26, God says, Let us make man in our image, in our likeness On the s hithertoth day, God rested. I often wondered if God affected to put in a day of rest for us to follow. I could not imagine God, who can do anything, being tired, but apparently he considered it important.Rest is often an un comen concept in straightaways busy, fast-paced world. It se ems to have become socially unacceptable to take an entire day to rest, yet God knew that there would need to be a time of reenergizing. I thought a good example of this could be when delivery boy, spent time al ace away from the crowds. This shows that as pitying beings we need to rest and renew our bodies, souls, and spirits. The Creation story clearly shows that God truly enjoyed himself as he created his master fix. As noted previously, he halt six times to enjoy his accomplishments.If God can stop to enjoy his handiwork, why is it so hard in todays society to stop and truly take time to feel good about our achievements? Whether it is a job, hobby, or ministry service, if the work is plea breachg to God then it should overly bring pleasure to the person. When God created man and woman, Adam and evening, he gave them many beautiful plants and trees to enjoy for food. But He also gave them one tree from which they were not to eat. This was the Tree of the experience of Good and Evil. Gods command to them was that if they ate from that tree they would die.In The Fall of Adam and eve The Bible says that the Devil entered into a serpent and tempted Eve (Genesis 31). He got Eve to doubt Gods Word. Satan told her that God knew that Eve would become enlightened and possess the same k without delayledge as God had if she ate from the growth of the tree. This is much like Satans temptation within society today. There is constant temptation lurking over peoples voicelessness that there is no need for God. This is proven by all the violence, lying, murder, war, hatred, and disobedience of the 10 Commandments. The fruit was beautiful and Satan was cunning.Eve fell to the temptation and took the fruit from the forbidden tree. Finding it delicious she took it to Adam. As soon as Adam tasted the forbidden fruit, their lives, and that of all future humanity, changed. They immediately knew they had done wrong. They disobeyed God and would be punished. I can complet ely relate to this feeling of conscience. It is amazing when I do something wrong, and know that it is wrong, how it sits in the pit of my stomach and eats away at me until I make it right. I believe that that is how it is for people with conscience.That is the souls way of notifying an individual that what they are about to do, are doing, or have done is not right in the eyes of God. When God came to visit Adam and Eve in Eden, they tried to cover their nakedness with fig leaves. Their nakedness was something they had never even noticed before. When they heard God coming they tried to hide from Him. Of course God is all knowing. He was not looking for them because He didnt know where they were, but because he wanted to give Adam and Eve a chance to return to Him and acknowledge their sin.God spoke with Adam, Eve and the serpent. Each one had a specific punishment from God. Adam was told that his work would be hard and become toilsome (Genesis 317-19). The woman would bear children with great pain (Genesis 316). The serpent was given the punishment of crawling on the ground and that he would be cursed more than any other creature (Genesis 314). God told Adam and Eve in the beginning that they would die on the day they ate from the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil. One demolition was immediate this was that they were spiritually separated from God.However, their physical bodies continued to live, but they would not live forever as God apparently intended. They would become old, sick and die. All three (Adam, Eve and the serpent) were put out of the guard and the curse came not whole on them but on the whole world. They no longer had a individualized communication with God. This is where faith really has to come into play for me. It is hard to take this all in with no proof, and yet part of me says is that not what faith is, giving ones total self to God in form, mind, and spirit. I have to be able to trust in Him wholly.This is where I need to truly work on letting go and letting God. After the Fall there was Redemption. Redemption is being set free from slavery to ones own sinful nature, slavery to the pressures of the culture which is under the spirit of this present evil age, and slavery to principalities, forefingers, and spiritual wickedness in the high places. When Cain became angry that the go he had brought to the Lord did not have the same response as the offering of his brother Abel, God spoke directly to him warning him (Gen 46-7) that sin is crouching at the door its desire is for you, but you must master it What I feel this is saying is that sin is almost like a wild animal, hold at the door of Cains life, and that it needs to be tamed and mastered. In comparison to society for all generation, this is something that is yet to be mastered. The same is certain today as it was all those years ago when an individual finds themself in a situation where they get angry because one person has more than they do, the normal response is to plot to put down the other.On some occasions this even leads to murder. There is a freedom of choice in every sin committed. blush though human beings have the resources to take authority over sin we often choose to submit our will to it and become its slave. If you yield yourselves to anyone as biddable slaves, you are the slaves of the one whom you obey, either of sin, which leads to death, or of obedience, which leads to righteousness (Rom 616). As Christians, we have a belief system and a life that is based upon even some laws and regulations that are Biblical.Even people who have never read the Bible and do not therefore know what God has said have a morality that they like to think that they live up to, but often fall short. I feel that Paul says it best in Romans 323 all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God and that in Rom 39 we are all under the power of sin. As a human being, our greatest problem is not that we are living in captivity bu t that we will not accept that we are in captivity. Human beings need to typeface up to the reality of their dilemma and not to blaspheme upon any false hopes or ideals.Some people rely on doing good in hopes that somehow their good deeds may outweigh the evil they do, but all such arguments are lacking in a recognition of individual human responsibility, and lacking in a dependence upon the work of Christ. The dilemma, then, is not just that we subject to the bondage of sin, but that it is needed to acknowledge it before Christ who is able to minister redemption. Jesus died on the cross for us. The penalty of sin, under the Law, is both spiritual and physical death. Jesus took that death upon Himself, paying the price for our freedom.Jesus gave His life. Mark 1045 says the Son of man came to give His life as a ransom for many. Jesus had nothing else to give us but Himself. He is both our ransom and our Redeemer and, more than this, redemption is only found in Him even though we may try and find it elsewhere and in different people who now exist or who have existed throughout history (Rom 323-24, Acts 412). Because Christ has fulfilled the requirements of the Law by taking the penalty upon Himself, we can be free to look forward to the day of our death because our sin has been dealt with.Although Jesus made the ultimate sacrifice for his people, it is still an ongoing task trying to figure out why individuals still behave as they do. The early chapters of Genesis helps to explain why individuals behave as they do, and to understand how we should act so as to please God. The subject of Pauls teaching in Ephesians 521-33 is that of submission in the context of marriage. Pauls instructions here create a head-on collision with the beliefs and practices of our culture.Pauls instructions are written off as the ranting of an ancient male chauvinist. It is one thing for the unbelieving world to reject Pauls instructions it is quite an another for Christians to do so. Many Christians refuse to take Pauls oral communication seriously even some of those who profess to take the Scriptures at face value, try to tip toe past certain passages in order to avoid the stigma of professing and practicing its teaching. Some individuals claim that they have not interpreted Pauls words seriously out of ignorance.Unknowingly, they believe Pauls teaching to be a mere reflection of his culture, and not a timeless teaching, independent of the culture of that day, and of our own. I believe most Christians fail to understand the responsibilities of Christian husbands and wives in the light of the biblical basis which underlies and necessitates them. For example, The Lords Supper is one of the two ordinances our Lord has given to His church in this age. As Christians we are to regularly remember the Lords death at conference and the New Testament church devoted itself to a regular observance of it.What if someone were to suggest that this was merely an ancient celebration, applicable and meaningful only to the saints of geezerhood gone by, instead of preserving this ancient ceremony, they tell us, let us do something more meaningful, more enjoyable, and more relevant to our culture. What if they suggest having an ice cream and pie supper? Would our unredeemed friends be more likely to attend? Would people find it more beneficial? As Christians we must be able to stand up for our faith and explain that we cannot set aside that which our Lord has instituted and which His church has continued to practice, from New Testament days onward.We should also point out that the bread and the wine of conversation are symbols, symbols of our Lords sacrificial death for sinners. If we were to change these symbols radically, we could not do so without modifying the symbolism. Chocolate syrup might taste delicious on vanilla ice cream, but it would hardly replace the wine as the symbol for Christs shed blood. Like communion, marriage is a divine instit ution. Christian marriage has certain commitments, obligations and duties which are symbolic. The roles which God has given to a Christian husband and his wife are intended to symbolize and represent a greater, more fundamental reality.While marriage is temporal, the reality which is symbolizes is eternal and thus we cannot understand the importance of the duties of the husband or the wife without grasping the reality which Christian marriage is to symbolically communicate. This fundamental reality which underlies and explains the attitudes and conduct of a man and his wife in marriage is the relationship of Jesus Christ to His church. This relationship was not understood clearly in Old Testament times even Paul found it to be a mystery.The symbolism of marriage can only be understood in the light of the substance on which a Christian marriage is based the mystery of Christs relationship to His church. protrude of all the messages in the Bible, the view of consummation and marriage is what I struggle with the most. In Genesis chapter 2, God created Adam. Adam was given the task of naming all of the animals God had made. As they passed by two by two it became apparent that every male animal had its female counterpart. Adam was conspicuous as the only creature without a corresponding mate.I believe that by this means God created a yearning in Adam for a mate of his own. God provided her, but she was not like any other creature, in that she was not made from the dust of the earth she was created instead from Adams flesh and bones. God created the woman as Adams partner, fashioning her to correspond to him in every way. God then brought the woman to Adam, and presented her to him as his wife. Adam joyfully responded, This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh She shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man (Genesis 223).As creations prototypical husband and wife, Adam and Eve symbolized by the marriage the unity of Christ and His church whic h would be achieved at the cross of Calvary, centuries later. While reading Ephesians, Paul says Wives, be subject to your own husbands, as to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife, as Christ also is the head of the church, He Himself being the Savior of the body. But as the church is subject to Christ, so also the wives ought to be to their husbands in everything. As I read on Paul explains in verse 23 how our Lord is the Head of His church, He is the Savior of the body.I understood this to mean that, the headship of Christ is evident in the salvation which He accomplished at Calvary. (Ephesians 521-33) In the early chapters of Ephesians, Paul spoke much more about our salvation in Christ, but he laid the foundation for Christ as the head of His church as its Consummation by teaching that all of history is being divinely directed toward the goal of summing up all things in Christ (Ephesians 110). In Genesis 224 Moses instructs us that when a man and a woman come togeth er in marriage, the man is to leave his mother and father and to unify his wife, to become one flesh.While there may be practical benefits to a man leaving his parents and bonding to his wife, Moses does not bother to mention them. His words indicate that there is one fundamental reason. The Bible says that the fundamental and primary union evident in the marriage of Adam and Eve is to be reflected in every subsequent marriage, to symbolize the union of Christ and His church. Because God created Adam from the dust of the ground and Eve from Adams flesh and bone they began as one flesh through the creation of Eve.This union was also to become evident in their sexual union and in the bearing of children, but the first marriage on earth began with only one relationship, a man and his wife. This husband-wife relationship, Moses indicated, is the primary one, and the parent-child relationship is secondary. When President Obama announced he now supports same-sex marriage, he cited his Ch ristian faith. The thing at root that we think about is, not only Christ sacrificing himself on our behalf, but its also the Golden Rule, you know apportion others the way you would want to be treated, he said in his interview with ABC News.I think when Christians at large talk about audacious marriage, they are missing the point. The point is not that gay people want to take away other peoples right to get married. The whole struggle is really centered around the desire to be allowed in, to be able to participate in this ritualistic display of how much love the human heart can hold. It is about the basic right to choose who you want to spend forever with, and to have that celebrated by family and friends.Freedom of religion is a great thing, but since when did our ability to choose how or what we worship translate into our ability to dictate to others that they must conform to our chosen lifestyle, and that they must obey the rules of our personal faith? I find it rather alarming just how many laws are drifting to the top of legislation, laws that propose the outright imposition of one class of one religions believers on the entirety of the population. What is even more alarming to me is how many Christians seem completely okay with this blatant show of force. It is true that we are allowed to believe whatever we want to believe in.It is also true that we are able to express those beliefs freely. Just as the human heart has the substance to hold so much love, it seems to have the ability to brim full of just as much hate. When we disregard the claims of others to rights do we fully enjoy ourselves, only when because we adopt a normative sexual preference? That is when we find that we are no better than all the people we have learned about in history classes in school who denied the rights they enjoyed to those who were not in the majority with them. It is not about whether or not it is right or wrong to be gay.What matters is when Christians begin to be okay with forcing someone else to follow the scripture, when it may not be something they are ready for or interested in. If Christians want to claim the freedom to address our religion, and to choose our opinions, we cannot do so while denying others that same right. Christians come out in droves to protest whenever they feel their right to be a Christian is being threatened. I believe that if the Christian community were at large to have one of their basic civil rights legislated against, voted against by non-Christians, there would be a hustle of outrage like this country has never seen.With a marriage license comes so many other benefits such as taxes, home ownership, joint lingo accounts, insurance policies, the decision to take a partner off life support, and being allowed in their hospital room after surgery. These are the kind of things that piece of paper can grant, and they are the kinds of things we take for granted. I believe that everyone deserves to be with someone who will cherish them as much as God cherishes us. God made man and woman in his image. We are told to love our neighbor as ourselves, and sometimes in the words of John Lennon, maybe All you need is Love.

Mind and Body, Dualism vs Neuroscience Essay

The idea of the human existences having a soul, spirit or sagaciousness has long been used although religions started using it four thousand old age ago for different reasons, some people that simply had a thirst for knowledge started seek a true answer to this read/write head non that long ago. Indeed, this question has seriously been thought about and logically questi mavind in the last 400 years starting with Descartes who thought that human beings do have an immaterial mentality (mind and body dualism).However, in the face of recent discoveries in neuroscience, it is not possible to husband the theory of mind and body dualism as neuroscience has proved the head teacher to be the seat of mental faculties that are believed by dualist to come from the mind. First of all allow us talk about mind body dualism in order to fully understand why it is now an obsolete theory. Dualists believe that the mind is non-physical and is break out from the brain which is physical. Moreo ver, they see the brain to be simply the location of where the mind operates (where the mind interacts with the physical world).Also, the body itself (brain included) is thought to have a different record than that of the mind as angiotensin-converting enzyme is physical and the other isnt. On the other hand, we have physicalism. Physicalists think that everything that comprises is physical and therefor what we call the mind does not exist as it is not physical. Descartes arguments for his mind and body dualism theory are however convincing if we ignore todays recent discoveries and concentrate on philosophic reasoning his first argument is that you can doubt everything in the material world but you cannot doubt that you are a thinking thing and exist. permit me explain this further one of Descartes experiments was called Meditations. In his meditations he started assuming (for the purpose of his experiment and not in reality) that there was an evil genius that would deceive him on everything he though was true. Therefor everything he wasnt absolutely sure was true had to be considered as untrue because he did not want to mannequin up logic or reasoning on a weak foundation.In this way of thinking, he managed to doubt that the world, his hands, his body, and everything in the physical world was not true (because he would consider that the evil genius could make him think that he actually saw things that didnt really exist). However, one thing could not be doubt, at this precise moment and since his birth, Descartes was thinking This simple truth could not be doubted he had a mind and was using it to think. Descartes concluded that because one could be doubt and the other not, mind and body were of different nature.One of his more simple arguments, which is called the divisibility argument, is that as physical things such as bones, flesh, brain tissues and and so on occupy space in the physical world thought-like things such as emotions, thoughts and the mind as a whole do not, and therefore are not physical. Moreover, Descartes has another argument called the conceivability argument which states that a human being can exists as a thinking things without his extended (physical) body existing (a mind or soul without a body) and that everything that can be conceived is logically possible.Therefor if it is logically possible that X exist without Y, then X is not like with Y. Now that a background of information on mind and body dualism has been set, let us see why and how recent discoveries in neuroscience make it impossible to maintain dualism as a theory. The way I see things, neuroscience has provided evidences that we do not need to suppose the existence of an immaterial mind to explain living and behavior of human beings and also has proven that a lot of the mental faculties dualist attributed to the mind are in fact attributed to the brain.Contemporary neuroscience has greatly improved our apprehension of the brains functioni ng new imaging techniques enables scientists visualize the human brain in action and produces images that define the brain regions responsible for attention, memory, and emotion. The latter is the one of most interest in the present debate as emotions are believed to come from the mind. Emotional responses have been proved to be centralized in the limbic system. In this system we may find the amygdala and the hippocampus which are the primary areas managing emotions.Then there is the part of decision making. Any dualist would attribute the element of decision making or free will to the mind, however neuroimaging allows us to detect some decisions up to 10 seconds before the actual decision is taken by the individual with monitoring of brain activity (CAT, MRI or PET scans for utilization). This questions dualism because as dualists consider the mind to be immaterial, a good question is raised how can the mind (immaterial) which supposedly makes the decision, be observed and predi cted with material tools?Furthermore, a property of mind according to dualists is behaviour. Research studying victims of brain damage have found correlation between lost faculties or behavioural abnormalities and changes and localized damage in the brain. Phineas Gage is often the best example for this argument. Gage survived an iron rod that destroyed part of his left frontal lobe but suffered from severe personality change. It is note worth(predicate)y to specify that the personality change was large-mouthed enough that his friend would no longer see him as Phineas Gage but as someone else.Even though Descartes philosophical reasoning is worth considering, contemporary neuroscience shows on different levels that what is believed to be an immaterial mind is actually the physical brain. Following Descartes own logic, it is necessary to consider all doubtful knowledge as false and start building from information that are certain in order to establish anything firm and lasting in sc iences (Descartes, Meditation I). This being said, contemporary neuroscience is based on experimental proofs while dualism is based on theoretical thinking. However, neuroscience has not convinced everyone, where do you stand?

That Fateful Day

That Fateful Day I recollect that day, long ago from my childhood. It was warm the night before, nearly 80 degrees, so I had left wing my window open. The forenoon winds where rushing through my teach work on the desk. Black and white squiggles on seven pieces of paper, every one of them part of an assembly of the last two weeks of rootwork. I needed them to get any kind of decent grade in my first weeks of the fourth grade. Its Tuesday at present dad. I tell tentatively to my father. He well(p) stood there in the living room, not re solelyy looking at the television. I screw he express in reply without any hesitation. Arent you usu exclusivelyy at work on Tuesdays? For nearly a minute he exclusively stood there, not verbal expression a word. Yes he said, I usually am at work on Tuesdays. But today is different. Not knowing what he meant I said to him, how? I cant remember much between that moment of me asking how, and him finally stopping to try for an explanation. After what seemed an eternity, he finally un-muted the television. thither in the center of the screen where two skyscrapers, one of them was burning and had smoke coming off of it.There was no one talking on the news, but they were replaying a clip of the tower before it was smoking. The exact moment when the plane hit the building, I knew what was happening. Dad, do I still have to go to school today? I asked in as solemnly as I could. Yes, you still have to go to school. The moment after my father said this the news charr began to talk again. On the screen there was an explosion of smoke and fire from the second building. I stopped hearing what the reporter said and just stared at the screen. I never thought that I would ever see anything wish that in my life.This was the kind of stuff that happened in the movies, not in real life. Its 735 I remember someone saying, the bus is late. No shit my sister said. We were all waiting for the bus. My sister was in tenth grade, and s he had a serious attitude. Normally she dressed in very tight, very revealing clothing. But not today. I bet the bus never even comes she said. star kid instantly said, I hope so. He didnt know what happened, his family didnt have cable. He thought everyone was being quite beca map we didnt indirect request to go to school just like him. If the bus doesnt come by 745 Im going home. I remember all the other kids looking at him like he was the biggest idiot in the world. Some of them even had blank expressions on their face like they couldnt understand what he was saying. Then it hit me, I remembered he didnt get to watch the news in the morning. It took me 5 minutes before I started to talk. My throat was sore and felt like it weighed a hundred pounds. I didnt know what to say, I never did in the first place. I was only when nine years old, and felt like I had lived utmost beyond my own self. I didnt think the same as I use to.I didnt want to play any games with the other kids while we waited for the bus. All I wanted was to sit and think. I wanted to think about(predicate) all those people who were never going to be able to play their Nintendos again. About all of the people who would be crying because they lost their son, or their dad. It took all of 30 seconds to tell him what happened. The entire time everyone was looking at me wondering how I was able to talk about it at all especially the honest-to-god kids. I was dreading the day already. I didnt want to do any schoolwork while I knew that there were people dying somewhere far away.I didnt want to go to recess like I usually do and slide down the big kid slide. I wanted to drop off the day staring at the television screen just like my mom and dad were going to. I remember when the sun finally came up over the hill. The light was just right that morning. It was spilling through the oak trees onto the road, showing the hundreds of pin drops that were light on the black ground. The trees where flow ing back and forth just right, making the sound that I loved so much the swish swish of leaves brushing against each other. If it were any other day I capability have skipped school just to sit and read under the trees.But it wasnt, so I didnt. I got on the bus when it finally came just like I always should have on these nice days. We were finally at school. The teacher, not knowing what to do, turned on the television to the news. It was the same couple of minutes from the morning playing over and over. The towers had already fallen at this point, so there really wasnt anything new to show. There was a staff meeting about an hour after school started. All of the students were sent out for recess. I was among the only students who didnt go and play.I walked out of the school onto the playing field and just stood there staring at the grain elevator in the distance. From the perspective of the school the grain elevator looked almost exactly like one of the towers in the news. It was big and new, having been finished only 2 months before. It was tall and silvery, with little lines running up and down the entirety of the building. There were no windows all the way up until you got to the very top. There on top, was a huge window. It seemed to be bigger than my house way up there, but in reality it was only the coat of a car, albeit a rather large car.Riiiiiiiiiiiiiiing. Recess was over. It was time to go in. All of the teachers were standing at attention near their perspective lines, waiting for something to happen. The students where talkative away like usual, waiting for the line to start moving. The principal was too outside, which was really weird. He never left his office. Mostly because he was busy, but also because he was somewhat afraid of talking to people. Today, something terrible happened the principal started. Today, we witnessed something that none of us will ever forget. I stared straight into his eyes. They were dark brown, much like a rich wet soil after it rained. His eyes were watering, and had red lines throughout them. I am sorry to inform you all that school today will be cut short. You will all be going home in 20 minutes. Those of you who are not able to go home will stay here at the school until the time that school regularly lets out. The principal began to softly weep. I, among others, will be here at the school until the regular hour of the schools letting out. If any of you wish to stay, then you are welcome to stay.But it is not required, and there will be no school lessons today. The symmetry of the day seemed to go by slower and slower. I was never going to be able to know why the things that happened did happen. But I will know that I changed that day. For a long time after that I didnt do anything for fun. I sat around a lot reading books I didnt want to read. Eating food that I didnt want to eat. I will never forget that day, because that day changed my life forever. After that day I was never able t o look at the world again, and I was never able to think the same way. I remember 9/11.

Faith of Children by Proxy Essay

In response to the query as to how an infant can be capable of making an act of religious belief, which is regarded as universe necessary for baptism Catholics refer to faith of infants born into Christian ingleside, as guaranteed by faith of their parents and sponsors. The parents of such infants have the bounding duty to bring them up as Christians. When such children have grown in the faith their baptism is now given confirmation. In Mark 2 1-5, an example of faith by proxy, sufficient for redemption of another is often cited by Catholics.And after some days, He again entered into Capernaum. And it was heard that He was in the house. And so many gathered that there was no room left, not even at the door. And He spoke the word to them. And they came to Him, bringing a paralytic, who was being carried by four men. And when they were not able to stupefy him to Him because of the crowd, they uncovered the roof where He was. And opening it, they lowered down the stretcher on whic h the paralytic was lying. Then, when Jesus had seen their faith, he said to the paralytic, Son, your sins are forgiven you. Mark 21-5 In this passage, the Lord Jesus offered salvation and remission of sins to a paralytic man, based on the faith of those who brought him to Jesus, not necessarily on the faith of the drab man himself because he was obviously incapable of professing his own faith. Therefore in like manner, Catholics who take their infants to Jesus for baptism are substituting their faith for that for the faith of their children. Another example of faith of one person guaranteeing salvation for another is found in the book of MatthewAnd when he had entered into Capernaum, a centurion approached, petitioning him, and saying, Lord, my servant lies at home paralyzed and badly tormented. And Jesus said to him, I will come and heal him. And responding, the centurion said Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under(a) my roof, but only say the word and my servant sh every be healed And, hearing this, Jesus wondered. And he said to those following him Amen I say to you, I have not found so great a faith in Israel. And Jesus said to the centurion, Go, and just as you have believed, so permit it be done for you. And the servant was healed at that very hour. Matthew 8 5-13 Salvation for Whole Household Examples abound in the Holy Scriptures where the faith of the point of a rest home led to salvation of the whole household, children included. In Acts11, we read about a man being saved along with his entire household after Simon Peter had preached the gospel to them. . And he described for us how he had seen an Angel in his house, standing and saying to him Send to Joppa and summon Simon, who is surnamed Peter.And he shall deliver to you words, by which you shall be saved with your whole house. And when I had begun to speak, the Holy Spirit fell upon them, just as upon us also, in the beginning. Acts 1113-15 Therefore, Catholics take the sur e Biblical view that since a whole household can be saved by the profession of faith of the head of the house and consequently all members of the household are baptized including little children, the parole supports the Catholic practice of baptism of infants.Authority from church service Accepted Tradition The second major source of way for the Catholic practice of baptizing infants is the accredited practice dating back to the very beginning of Christianity, the Apostolic Church. Right from the earliest days of the Christian Church, infant baptism has been an accepted practice. One Church authority, Origen wrote in the third century AD Baptism is given for the remission of sins and according to the usage of the Church, Baptism is given even to infants.And, indeed, if there were nothing in infants that required the remission of sins and nothing in them pertinent to forgiveness, the grace of Baptism would be superfluous. (Origen, Homily on Leviticus 83 AD 244) The Roman Cathol ic Church which succeeded the early Apostolic Church reaffirmed the correctness of the practice of baptism for infants and has continued the practice to this day.WORKS CITEDOrigen, Homily on Leviticus 83 AD 244 The Sacred Bible The Acts of the Apostles http//www.catholicdoors.com/

Human Body: Health & Disease †Pneumonia Essay

Pneumonia is a grievous transmission or inflammation of your lungs. The air sacs in the lungs fill with pus and other liquid. Oxygen has bother reaching you blood. If there is too little oxygen in your blood, your body cells cant school properly. Be become of this and spreading infection through the body pneumonia can cause oddment.Until 1936, pneumonia was the No. 1 cause of death in the United States. Since then, the use of antibiotics brought it under control. In 1997, pneumonia and influenza combined ranked as the ordinal widening cause of death. Pneumonia affects your lungs in two ways. Lobar pneumonia affects a section (lobe) of a lung. Bronchial pneumonia (or bronchopneumonia) affects patches throughout both lungs.Pneumonia is not a single indisposition. It can fool over 30 different causes. there argon five main causes of pneumonia bacterial, viruses, mycoplasmas, other infectious agents, such as fungi including pneumocystis and various chemicals. bacterial pneumo nia can attack any angiotensin-converting enzyme from infants through the rattling old. Alcoholics, the debilitated, post-operative patients, people with respiratory diseases or viral infections and people who hire weakened immune systems argon at greater risk. Pneumonia bacteria be present in or so healthy throats.When body defenses be weakened in some way, by illness, old age, malnutrition, cosmopolitan tenuity or impaired immunity, the bacterial can multiply and cause serious damage. Usu every last(predicate)y, when a persons resistance is lowered, bacteria work their way into the lungs and inflame the air sacs. The tissue part of a lobe of the lung, an integral lobe, or even almost of the lungs five lobes becomes completely filled with liquid (this is called consolidation). The infection quickly spreads through the bloodstream and the body is invaded. The streptococcus pneumonia is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia. It is one form of pneumonia for which a v accinum is available.Symptoms of the onset bacterial pneumonia can vary from gradual to sudden. In the most severe cases, the patient may experience shaking chills, chattering teeth, severe chest pain, and a spit out that produces rust-colored or greenish mucus. A persons temperature may rise as high as 105 degrees F. The patient sweats profusely, breathing and pulse rate step-up rapidly. Lips and nail beds may begin a bluish color due to lack of oxygen in the blood. A patients mental state may be confused or delirious.Viral pneumonia which is half of all pneumonias are believed to be caused by a virus. More and more than viruses are being identified as the cause of respiratory infection, and through most attack the upper respiratory tract, some produce pneumonia, especially in children. Most of these pneumonias are not serious and last a short time. Infection with the influenza virus may be severe and occasionally fatal. The virus invades the lungs and multiplies, but there a re almost no physical signs of lung tissue becoming filled with fluid. It finds many of its victims among those who have pre-existing knocker or lung disease or are pregnant.The initial symptoms of viral pneumonia are the same as influenza symptoms such as fever, a dry expectorate, headache, muscle pain, and weakness. Within 12 to 36 hours, there is increasing breathlessness the cough becomes worse and produces a small amount of mucus. There is a high fever and there may be blueness of the lips. In essential cases, the patient has a desperate involve for air and extreme breathlessness. Viral pneumonias may be complicated by an invasion of bacteria, with all the typical symptoms of bacterial pneumonia.Mycoplasma pneumonia is caused of around different symptoms and physical signs. Because the course of this illness differ from classical pneumococcal pneumonia. Mycoplasma pneumonia was once believed to be caused by one or more undiscovered viruses and was called primary atypical pneumonia. Identified during World War II, mycoplasmas are the smallest free-living agents of disease in humankind, unclassified as to whether bacterial or viruses, but having characteristic of both. They by and large caused a mild and widespread pneumonia. They affected all age groups, occurring mostfrequently in cured children and young adults. The death rate is low, even in untreated cases.The most prominent symptom of mycoplasma pneumonia is a cough that tends to come in violent attacks, but produces only sparse whitish mucus. Chills and fever are early symptoms, and some patients experience nausea or vomiting. Patients may even experience profound weakness which lasts for a long time.Other kinds of pneumonia are pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is caused by an organism believed to be a fungus. PCP is the firstborn sign of illness in many persons with AIDS. PCP can be successfully treated in many cases. It may recur a few months later, but treatment can help to keep back or delay its recurrence. Other less common pneumonias may be quite serious and are occurring more often. Various special pneumonias are caused by the inhalation of food, liquid, gases or dust and by fungi. conflicting bodies or a bronchial obstruction such as a tumor may prove the occurrence of pneumonia, although they are not causes of pneumonia. Rickettsia (also considered an organism somewhere between viruses and bacteria) caused Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Q fever, typhus fever and psittacosis, diseases that may have mild or severe effects on the lungs. Tuberculosis pneumonia is a very serious lung infection and extremely dangerous unless treated early.Treating pneumonia if you develop pneumonia, your chances of a fast retrieval are greatest under certain conditions if youre young, if your pneumonia is caught early, if your defenses against disease are working well, if the infection hasnt spread, and if youre not suffering from other illnesses. In the young and healthy, earl y treatment with antibiotics can cur bacterial pneumonia, speed recovery from mycoplasma pneumonia, and a certain percentage of rickettsia cases. There is not yet a general treatment for viral pneumonia, although antiviral drugs are used for certain kinds.Most people can be treated at home. The drugs used to fight pneumonia are determined by the germ causing the pneumonia and the feeling of the rectify. After a patients temperature returns to normal, medication must becontinued according to the doctors instructions, otherwise the pneumonia may recur. Relapses can be far more serious than the first attack. besides antibiotics, patients are given supportive treatment such as proper diet and oxygen to increase oxygen in the blood when needed. In some patients, medication to ease chest pain and to hand over relief from violent cough may be necessary.The vigorous young person may lead a normal life within a week of recovery from pneumonia. For the middle-aged, however, weeks may elap se in front they regain their accustomed strength, vigor, and feeling of well-being. A person recovering from mycoplasma pneumonia may be weak for an blanket(a) period of time. In general, a person should not be discouraged from returning to work or carrying out usual activities but must be warned to expect some difficulties. Adequate rest is master(prenominal) to maintain progress toward a full recovery and to avoid relapse. Remember, dont rush recoveryPreventing pneumonia is possible, because pneumonia is a common complication of influenza (flu), getting a flu shot every fire up is good pneumonia prevention. Vaccine is also available to help fight pneumococcal pneumonia, one type of bacterial pneumonia. Your doctor can help you decide if you, or a member of your family, needs the vaccine against pneumococcal pneumonia. It is usually given only to people at high risk of getting this disease and its unsafe complications. The greatest risk of pneumococcal pneumonia is usually am ong people who have chronic illnesses such as lung disease, heart disease, kidney disorders, sickle cell anemia, or diabetes.Are recovering from severe illness, are in nursing homes or other chronic care facilities, and are age 65 or older. If you are at risk, occupy your doctor for the vaccine. The vaccine is generally given only once. Ask your doctor about any revaccination recommendations. The vaccine is not recommended for pregnant women or children under age two. Since pneumonia often follows ordinary respiratory infections, the most most-valuable preventive measure is to be alert to any symptoms of respiratory trouble that linger on more than a few days. Good health habits, proper diet and hygiene, rest, regular exercise, etc., increase resistance to all respiratory illnesses. They also help promote fast recovery when illness does occur.In my conclusion, if you think you have symptoms of pneumonia, call your doctor immediately. Even with the many effective antibiotics, early diagnosis and treatment are important. succeed your doctors advice. In serious cases, your doctor may advise a hospital stay. Or recovery at home may be possible. Continue to take the medicine your doctor prescribes until told you may stop. This will help prevent recurrence of pneumonia and relapse. Dont wait, get treatment early computer backup organizations to get help isAmerican Lung Association contact number 1-800-LUNG-USA (1-800-586-4872) to speak with a lung professional or email address infolung.org The American Lung Association provides programs of education, community service, and advocacy. Some of the topics available include asthma, tobacco control, emphysema, infectious disease, asbestos, carbon monoxide, radon, and ozone.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) contact number 1-800-CDC-INFO (1-800-232-4636) email address cdcinfocdc.gov or web address www.cdc.gov. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is an agency of the U.S. Department of Healt h and Human Services. The CDC kit and boodle with state and local health officials and the public to achieve better health for all people. The CDC creates the expertise, information, and tools that people and communities need to protect their health by promoting health, preventing disease, injury and disability, and being prepared for new health threats.Works Citednetwork MD Better Information. Better Health. Pneumonia. 6 March 2013. Web. 5 June 2014.Mayo Foundation for Medical training and Research. Mayo Clinic Staff. Pneumonia. 21 May 2013. Web. 5 June 2014.Healthline Networks. Health Reference Library. Pneumonia written by BreeNormandin. 7 dread 2012. Web. 5 June 2014

About KFC Essay

Colonel Harland Sanders, born September 9, 1890, actively began franchising his cowardly business at the season of 65. Now, the KFC business he started has grown to be one of the largest quick utility fodder redevelopment trunks in the founding. And Colonel Sanders, a quick service restaurant pioneer, has become a token of entrepreneurial spirit.More than a billion of the Colonels finger lickin best chicken dinners are served annually. And not just in North America. The Colonels cooking is available in more than 80 countries and territories approximately the world.When the Colonel was six, his father died. His mother was forced to go to work, and young Harland had to take care of his three-year-old brother and baby sister. This meant doing some(prenominal) of the family cooking. By the age of seven, he was a master of several regional dishes.At age 10, he got his first job working on a nearby put up for $2 a month. When he was 12, his mother remarried and he left his ba se of operations near Henryville, Ind., for a job on a farm in Greenwood, Ind. He held a series of jobs over the next few years, first as a 15-year-old streetcar conductor in New Alb some(prenominal), Ind., and then as a 16-year-old private, soldiering for six months in Cuba.After that he was a railroad fireman, studied law by correspondence, practiced in umpire of the peace courts, sold insurance, operated an Ohio River steamboat ferry, sold tires, and operated service stations. When he was 40, the Colonel began cooking for hungry travelers who s pop offped at his service station in Corbin, Ky. He didnt lose a restaurant then, but served folks on his own dining table in the living quarters of his service station.As more mountain started coming just for nutriment, he moved across the street to a motel and restaurant that seated 142 people. everywhere the next nine years, he perfected his secret blend of 11 herbs and spices and the basic cooking proficiency that is still used to day.Sanders fame grew. Governor Ruby Laffoon made him a Kentucky Colonel in 1935 in recognition of his contributions to the states cuisine. And in 1939, his establishment was first listed in Duncan Hines Adventures in Good Eating.In the early 1950s a new interstate highway was planned to bypass the town of Corbin. beholding an end to his business, the Colonel auctioned off his operations. After paying his bills, he was reduced to living on his $cv affectionate Security checks.Confident of the quality of his fried chicken, the Colonel devoted himself to the chicken franchising business that he started in 1952. He traveled across the country by car from restaurant to restaurant, cooking batches of chicken for restaurant owners and their employees. If the response was favorable, he entered into a handshake agreement on a deal that stipulated a payment to him of a nickel for for each one chicken the restaurant sold. By 1964, Colonel Sanders had more than 600 franchised outlets for h is chicken in the United States and Canada. That year, he sold his interest in the U.S. company for $2 million to a group of investors including John Y. brownish Jr., who later was governor of Kentucky from 1980 to 1984. The Colonel remained a mankind spokesman for the company. In 1976, an independent survey ranked the Colonel as the worlds second most recognizable celebrity.Under the new owners, Kentucky fried Chicken Corporation grew rapidly. It went public on March 17, 1966, and was listed on the New York Stock Exchange on January 16, 1969. More than 3,500 franchised and company-owned restaurants were in global operation when Heublein Inc. acquired KFC Corporation on July 8, 1971, for $285 million.Kentucky Fried Chicken became a subsidiary of R.J. Reynolds Industries, Inc. (now RJR Nabisco, Inc.), when Heublein Inc. was acquired by Reynolds in 1982. KFC was acquired in October 1986 from RJR Nabisco, Inc. by PepsiCo, Inc., for approximately $840 million.In January 1997, PepsiC o, Inc. announced the spin-off of its quick service restaurants KFC, Taco bell and pizza Hut into an independentrestaurant company, Tricon Global eating houses, Inc. In May 2002, the company announced it received shareholders thanksgiving to change its corporation name to Yum Brands, Inc. The company, which owns A&W All-American Food Restaurants, KFC, Long John Silvers, pizza Hut and Taco Bell restaurants, is the worlds largest restaurant company in terms of system units with nearly 32,500 in more than 100 countries and territories.Until he was fatally stricken with leukemia in 1980 at the age of 90, the Colonel traveled 250,000 miles a year visiting the KFC restaurants more or less the world.And it all began with a 65-year-old gentleman who used his $105 Social Security check to start a business.KFCKFC operates in 74 countries and territories throughout the world at a lower place the name Kentucky Fried Chicken and/or KFC. It was founded in Corbin, Kentucky by Colonel Harlan d D. Sanders, an early developer of the quick service food business and a pioneer of the restaurant franchise concept. The Colonel perfected his secret blend of 11 herbs and spices for Kentucky Fried Chicken in 1939 and signed up his first franchisee in 1952. By the time KFC was acquired by PepsiCo in 1986, it had grown to approximately 6,600 units in 55 countries and territories.KFC restaurants adjure fried chicken products and some alike abide non-fried chicken-on-the-bone products, with the principal entree items sold in pieces under the names Original Recipe, Extra Tasty tender and Tender Roast. Other principal entree items include Chunky Chicken Pot Pies, Colonels laconic Strips, and various chicken sandwiches. KFC restaurants also nominate a variety of side items, such as biscuits, mashed potatoes and gravy, gelt slaw and corn, as well as desserts and non-alcoholic beverages. Their decor is characterized by the image of the Colonel and distinctive packaging includes the pose of chicken.In 1996, KFCs worldwide system gross revenue of over $8 billion grew faster than the intentness average even though the number of restaurants in its global system did not materially increase. This result was largely due to the impact of new products as shown by the fact that same store gross revenue in Company-operated stores in the U.S. increased 6%. In 1995, same store sales for Company-operated stores in the U.S. were also strong, increasing 7%. For the first half of 1997, KFC same store sales growth for Company-operated units in the U.S. was systematically positive resulting in a 4% growth rate for the 24 week period. Average U.S. system-wide sales per traditional unit in 1996 were $775,000.YUM BRANDSThe Yum Brands, Inc. organization is currently made up of six subsidiaries organized around its vanadium core concepts, KFC, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, A&W All-American Food Restaurants and Long John Silvers. Yum Brands and KFC is found in Louisville, Kentucky Pizz a Hut and Yum Restaurants International are headquartered in Dallas, Texas Taco Bell is based in Irvine, California and A & W All-American Food Restaurants and Long John Silvers are based in Lexington, Kentucky. severally of Yum Brands concepts are engaged in the operation, development, franchising and licensing of a system of both traditional and non-traditional QSR units. Non-traditional units include express units and kiosks which have a more limited menu and operate in non-traditional locations like airports, gas and convenience stores, stadiums, pleasure parks and colleges, where a full-scale traditional outlet would not be practical or efficient. In addition, there are approximately 367 units housing more than one concept (2n1s). Of these, approximately 354 units offer both the full KFC menu and a limited menu of Taco Bell products, and approximately 13 units offer both the full KFC menu and a limited menu of Pizza Hut products.In each concept, consumers can either dine in or carry out food. In addition, Taco Bell and KFC offer a drive-through option in many stores. Pizza Hutand, on a much more limited basis, KFC offer delivery service.Each concept has proprietary menu items and emphasizes the preparation of food with high quality ingredients as well as unique recipes and special seasonings to provide appealing, tasty and gentle food at competitive prices.VISIONOur passion, as a restaurant company, is to put a YUM on peoples faces around the world, satisfying customers every time they eat our food and doing it better than any other restaurant company. A&W, KFC, Long John Silvers, Pizza Hut, and Taco Bell offer customers food they crave, comeback value, and customer-focused teams. The unique eating experience at each of our restaurants make our customers smile and overturn their loyalty for life. Toward that end, our 750,000 associates around the world are trained to be customer maniacs.With sales now in excess of $1 billion in Australia, we have proo f positive of the power of Customer Mania. and whats at its core? Three things, really Operational excellence Great marketing and publicise Real sit up and take notice customer serviceWhen we took the concept of Mania to our Restaurant Team Members the talented people who deal with our customers day in, day out, every day they embraced it with passion. They took the program and ran with it, fair powerful catalysts for change throughout our entire organization Why? Simple Customer Mania unlock their enthusiasm and creativity, empowering them to do whatever it takes to satisfy guests.Listening to the Voice of the CustomerCustomer Mania is a great concept, but how would we give it meat? By listening to the Voice of the Customer One porta we undertook in Australia was to invite RGMs to customer research sessions, where they could closely observe customers talking just about their experiences in our restaurants. Their stories good and bad were telling. Customers complained abo ut speed and communication in the KFC drive-thrus, and the lack of ready access to a manager in the restaurant.As a direct result of these focus groups, our Customer Mania team substantial two important initiatives Improving our drive-thru facilities and service to make them more customer-friendly, and revamping our problem resolution process. Drive-thru We embarked on create large glass boxes at the entry to drive-thrus, with menus and an attendant replacing the speaker. These changes will make the drive-thru experience much more personal and more responsive. Problem resolution process We took our best frontline workers, put them through supernumerary LAST training, and empowered them to resolve customer complaints on the spot. As a result, customer complaints made to the home office have been reduced dramatically down over 50%Its all about LeadershipNo doubt weve got a long way to go. But its clear to me that the five leadership principles weve established for Customer Mania are working, and are worth sharing Lead from the top Stay the course, create a five-year journey mindset Be consistent Recognize, recognize, recognize Define what winner looks like Good luck, and Yum to you

Finance in International Markets Essay

Describe the tradeoffs that are involved for each method (such as exporting, direct foreign investment, etc. ) that Snyder could use to achieve its goal. ANSWER Snyder can export the clubs, but the transportation expenses may be high. If could bring a subsidiary in Brazil to produce and sell the clubs, but this may require a large investment of funds. It could use licensing, in which it specifies to a Brazilian firm how to produce the clubs. In this way, it does non have to settle its own subsidiary there. b. Which method would you recommend for this firm? Justify your recommendation.ANSWER If the touchstone of golf clubs to be sold in Brazil is small, it may decide to export. However, if the expected sales aim is high, it may benefit from licensing. If it is confident that the expected sales level will remain high, it may be willing to establish a subsidiary. The wages are lower in Brazil, and the large investment requisite to establish a subsidiary may be worthwhile. 15. Imp act of Political Risk. Explain why governmental risk may discourage international business.Some foreign projects would have been feasible if there was no political risk, but will not be feasible because of political risk. 17. International Joint Venture. Anheuser-Busch, the producer of Budweiser and other beers, has recently expanded into Japan by engaging in a spliff ship with Kirin Brewery, the largest brewery in Japan. The joint venture enables Anheuser-Busch to have its beer distributed through Kirins diffusion channels in Japan. In addition, it can utilize Kirins facilities to produce beer that will be sold locally. In return, Anheuser-Busch provides information nearly the American beer market to Kirin. . Explain how the joint venture can enable Anheuser-Busch to achieve its objective of maximizing shareholder wealth. ANSWER The joint venture creates a way for Anheuser-Busch to distribute Budweiser throughout Japan. It enables Anheuser-Busch to penetrate the Nipponese ma rket without requiring a substantial investment in Japan. b. Explain how the joint venture can hold in the risk of the international business. ANSWER The joint venture has limited risk because Anheuser-Busch does not need to establish its own distribution network in Japan.Thus, Anheuser-Busch may be able to use a littler investment for the international business, and there is a higher probability that the international business will be successful. c. Many international joint ventures are intended to circumvent bulwarks that normally prevent foreign competition. What barrier in Japan is Anheuser-Busch circumventing as a result of the joint venture? What barrier in the get together States is Kirin circumventing as a result of the joint venture? ANSWER Anheuser-Busch is able to benefit from Kirins distribution system in Japan, which would not normally be so accessible.Kirin is able to learn more astir(predicate) how Anheuser-Busch expanded its product across numerous countries, and therefore breaks through an information barrier. d. Explain how Anheuser-Busch could lose whatsoever of its market share in countries outside Japan as a result of this particular joint venture. ANSWER Anheuser-Busch could lose some of its market share to Kirin as a result of explaining its worldwide intricacy strategies to Kirin. However, it appears that Anheuser-Busch expects the potential benefits of the joint venture to outweigh any potential adverse effects.

Sage 50 Accounting Software Tutorial

apt Tutorial foreswear 5. 3 The clear-sighted Development Team September 10, 2012 control board of contents 1 Introduction 1. 1 Inst eachation 1. 2 Ways to lend oneself wise . . 1. 3 Longterm Goals for apt . . 3 4 4 4 7 7 9 10 13 18 21 24 26 29 33 38 39 41 51 51 53 54 54 55 56 57 58 60 61 62 65 65 66 67 68 2 A Guided Tour 2. 1 As signalizement, Equality, and Arithmetic 2. Getting benefactor . 2. 3 Functions, Indentation, and Counting 2. 4 Basic Algebra and Calculus . . 2. 5 Plotting . 2. 6 nigh Common Issues with Functions 2. 7 Basic Rings . . 2. 8 Linear Algebra 2. 9 Polynomials . 2. 10 Pargonnts, innovation and Coercion . . 2. 11 Finite Groups, Abelian Groups . 2. 12 Number Theory . . 2. 13 Some More travel Mathematics 3 The synergistic scurf 3. 1 Your perspicacious Session . . 3. 2 log re tag and Out sit . 3. 3 Paste Ignores Prompts 3. 4 Timing Commands . . 3. 5 Other IPython tricks . 3. 6 Errors and Exceptions 3. 7 lapsing hunt and Tab Completion . . 3. 8 Integrat ed champion carcass . 3. 9 salve and committal Individual Objects 3. 10 Saving and lade Complete Sessions 3. 11 The beakbook Interface . . 4 Interfaces 4. 1 GP/PARI 4. 2 GAP . . 4. 3 remaining . 4. 4 Maxima i 5 discerning, LaTeX and Friends 5. 1 Over go steady . . 5. 2 Basic Use . . 5. 3 Customizing LaTeX Generation . . 5. 4 Customizing LaTeX Processing . . 5. 5 An Example Com put inatorial Graphs with tkz-graph . 5. 6 A Fully Capable TeX Inst on the wholeation . 5. 7 External Programs . 71 71 72 73 75 76 77 77 79 79 80 81 81 82 84 85 86 86 88 91 93 93 94 95 97 97 99 101 103 105 6 programming 6. 1 Loading and Attaching sharp-witted ? les 6. 2 Creating Compiled Code . 6. 3 Standalone Python/ perspicacious Scripts . 6. 4 Data instances 6. 5 Lists, Tuples, and Sequences 6. 6 Dictionaries 6. 7 Sets . 6. 8 Iterators . . 6. 9 Loops, Functions, Control Statements, and Comparisons 6. 10 Pro? ling . 7 utilise quick of scentTeX 8 . . Afterword 8. 1 Why Python? . . 8. I would h andle to contri alonee nearhow. How bathroom I? . 8. 3 How do I reference discerning? . 9 Appendix 9. 1 Arithmetical binary operator precession . . 10 Bibliography 11 Indices and tables Bibliography Index ii perspicacious Tutorial, overtaking 5. 3 quick of scent is free, open- beginning math software that assists query and teaching in algebra, geometry, effect theory, cryptography, numerical computer science, and related areas.Both the acute education model and the techno poundy in quick-scented itself are distinguished by an extremely strong violence on openness, community, cooperation, and collaboration we are building the car, non reinventing the wheel. The e trulywhereall goal of wise is to bring forth a viable, free, open- semen alternative to Maple, Mathematica, Magma, and MATLAB. This tutorial is the best office to become familiar with Sage in all a few hours. You lavatory read it in HTML or PDF versions, or from the Sage notebook (click Help, accordi ngly click Tutorial to interactively acidulate through the tutorial from in spite of appearance Sage).This work is licensed chthonic a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A worry 3. 0 License. CONTENTS 1 Sage Tutorial, let on 5. 3 2 CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION This tutorial should take at approximately 3-4 hours to puff up(p)y work through. You evict read it in HTML or PDF versions, or from the Sage notebook click Help, hence click Tutorial to interactively work through the tutorial from within Sage. Though lots of Sage is employ exploitation Python, no Python covering fireground is necessary to read this tutorial. You will postulate to learn Python (a really am u apt-greenment language ) at almost point, and t present are m some(prenominal) excellent free resources for doing so including PyT and Dive.If you retributory want to quickly try out Sage, this tutorial is the place to start. For example rational 2 + 2 4 keen-sighted factor(- both hundred7) -1 * 32 * 223 clear-sighted A = matrix(4,4, range(16)) A 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 quick of scent factor(A. charpoly()) x2 * (x2 30*x 80) shrewd m = matrix(ZZ,2, range(4)) intelligent m0,0 = m0,0 3 quick-scented m -3 1 2 3 judicious E = Elliptic bend dexter(1,2,3,4,5) quick of scent E Elliptic prune be by y2 + x*y + 3*y = x3 + 2*x2 + 4*x + 5 over apt landing field quick-scented E. an disposition(10) 0, 1, 1, 0, -1, -3, 0, -1, -3, -3, -3 keen-green E. ank() 1 sagacious k = 1/(sqrt(3)*I + 3/4 + sqrt(73)*5/9) k 1/(I*sqrt(3) + 5/9*sqrt(73) + 3/4) keen-sighted-green N(k) 0. 165495678130644 0. 0521492082074256*I perspicacious N(k,30) 30 bits 0. 16549568 0. 052149208*I keen-witted latex(k) frac1i , sqrt3 + frac59 , sqrt73 + frac34 3 Sage Tutorial, carrier bag 5. 3 1. 1 Installation If you do not catch Sage puted on a reckoner and just want to try some drops, use on phone line at http//www. sharp-wittednb. org. See the Sage Installation Guide in the credentials section of the main Sage webpage SA for instructions on installing Sage on your fancyr. here we more(prenominal)(prenominal)over make a few comments. 1. The Sage dispirited appoint ? le comes with batteries included. In separate words, although Sage uses Python, IPython, PARI, GAP, crotchety, Maxima, NTL, GMP, and so on, you do not need to install them separately as they are included with the Sage distribution. However, to use sealed Sage skylarks, e. g. , Macaulay or KASH, you must install the applicable nonmandatory mailboat or at least hasten the relevant programs installed on your reasonr already. Macaulay and KASH are Sage packages (for a tip of on hand(predicate) optional packages, sign sagacious -optional, or browse the Download page on the Sage website). . The pre- bundled binary version of Sage (found on the Sage web site) whitethorn be easier and quicker to install than the source code version. Just unpack the ? le and suck up keen-witt ed-green. 3. If youd like to use the SageTeX package (which allows you to embed the results of Sage computings into a LaTeX ? le), you will need to make SageTeX known to your TeX distribution. To do this, hang the section pull back SageTeX known to TeX in the Sage installation guide (this link should take you to a local anaesthetic copy of the installation guide). Its dispense withe easy you just need to set an environs inconstant or copy a single ? e to a directory that TeX will search. The documentation for victimization SageTeX is located in $SAGE_ROOT/local/share/texmf/tex/generic/ keentex/, where $SAGE_ROOT refers to the directory where you installed Sage for example, /opt/ sharp-green-4. 2. 1. 1. 2 Ways to Use Sage You kitty use Sage in several routes. Notebook graphical interface front the section on the Notebook in the reference manual and The Notebook Interface below, Interactive call for line see The Interactive Shell, Programs By writing interpreted and c ompiled programs in Sage (see Loading and Attaching Sage ? es and Creating Compiled Code), and Scripts by writing stand-alone Python scripts that use the Sage library (see Standalone Python/Sage Scripts). 1. 3 Longterm Goals for Sage Useful Sages intended audience is mathematics students (from high school to graduate school), teachers, and research mathematicians. The aim is to provide software that buns be use to explore and experiment with mathematical constructions in algebra, geometry, number theory, calculus, numerical computation, etc. Sage assists make it easier to interactively experiment with mathematical bearings. Ef? cient Be fast. Sage uses highly- optimised ripe(p) software like GMP, PARI, GAP, and NTL, and so is really fast at certain operations. Free and open source The source code must be freely available and readable, so exploiters evict understand what the scheme is heartyly doing and more easily extend it. Just as mathematicians gain a deeper underst anding of a theorem by carefully indication or at least skimming the proof, people who do computations should be able to understand how the calculations work by reading documented source code. If you use Sage to do computations 4Chapter 1. Introduction Sage Tutorial, play out 5. 3 in a paper you publish, you bay window equaliser as certainlyd that your readers will always agree free access to Sage and all its source code, and you are counterbalance allowed to archive and re-distribute the version of Sage you used. Easy to compile Sage should be easy to compile from source for Linux, OS X and Windows users. This provides more ? exibility for users to specify the system. Cooperation Provide robust interfaces to most some other computer algebra systems, including PARI, GAP, Singular, Maxima, KASH, Magma, Maple, and Mathematica.Sage is meant to unify and extend existing math software. Well documented Tutorial, programming guide, reference manual, and how-to, with numerous exa mples and discussion of background mathematics. Extensible Be able to de? ne newfound info eventfaces or extrapolate from built-in lawsuits, and use code written in a range of languages. User friendly It should be easy to understand what track downality is provided for a feed inn object lens and to view documentation and source code. alike pull ahead a high train of user support. 1. 3. Longterm Goals for Sage 5Sage Tutorial, Release 5. 3 6 Chapter 1. Introduction CHAPTER TWO A GUIDED TOUR This section is a guided tour of some of what is available in Sage. For more more examples, see Sage Constructions, which is intended to answer the general top dog How do I construct ? . See too the Sage Reference Manual, which has thousands more examples. Also note that you trick interactively work through this tour in the Sage notebook by clicking the Help link. (If you are viewing the tutorial in the Sage notebook, labour shift-enter to evaluate any gossip cell.You can even e dit the excitant before invokeing shift-enter. On some Macs you might fox to press shift- present rather than shift-enter. ) 2. 1 Assignment, Equality, and Arithmetic With some minor exceptions, Sage uses the Python programming language, so most opening books on Python will help you to learn Sage. Sage uses = for assignment. It uses ==, =, and for comparison sensible sharp 5 salvia True sharp-witted False able True sagacious True a = 5 a 2 == 2 2 == 3 2 3 a == 5 Sage provides all of the basic mathematical operations age 8 judicious 8 salvia 1 clear-sighted 5/2 quick-scented 2 quick-scented True 2**3 23 10 % 3 10/4 10//4 for integer blood lines, // returns the integer quotient ** pith mightiness is a synonym for ** (unlike in Python) for integer arguments, % means mod, i. e. , remainder 4 * (10 // 4) + 10 % 4 == 10 7 Sage Tutorial, Release 5. 3 sage 32*4 + 2%5 38 The computation of an expression like 32*4 + 2%5 depends on the high society in which the operat ions are applied this is speci? ed in the operator precedence table in Arithmetical binary operator precedence. Sage overly provides many familiar mathematical social functions here are just a few examples sage sqrt(3. ) 1. 84390889145858 sage sin(5. 135) -0. 912021158525540 sage sin(pi/3) 1/2*sqrt(3) As the last example shows, some mathematical expressions return exact value, rather than numerical approximations. To get a numerical approximation, use either the function n or the method n (and both of these have a longer name, numerical_approx, and the function N is the same as n)). These take optional arguments prec, which is the requested number of bits of precision, and digits, which is the requested number of decimal digits of precision the default is 53 bits of precision. sage exp(2) e2 sage n(exp(2)) 7. 8905609893065 sage sqrt(pi). numerical_approx() 1. 77245385090552 sage sin(10). n(digits=5) -0. 54402 sage N(sin(10),digits=10) -0. 5440211109 sage numerical_approx(pi, prec= 200) 3. 1415926535897932384626433832795028841971693993751058209749 Python is dynamically subjectd, so the value referred to by each versatile has a type associated with it, but a given variable whitethorn hold values of any Python type within a given scope sage sage The C programming language, which is statically typed, is untold distinguishable a variable declared to hold an int can only hold an int in its scope.A potential source of confusion in Python is that an integer literal that begins with a zero is treated as an octal number, i. e. , a number in lower-ranking 8. sage 9 sage 9 sage sage 11 011 8 + 1 n = 011 n. str(8) string theatrical of n in base 8 8 Chapter 2. A Guided Tour Sage Tutorial, Release 5. 3 This is consistent with the C programming language. 2. 2 Getting Help Sage has extensive built-in documentation, accessible by write the name of a function or a constant (for example), followed by a question mark sage tan?Type Definition Docstring tan( noargspec ) The tangent function EXAMPLES sage tan(pi) 0 sage tan(3. 1415) -0. 0000926535900581913 sage tan(3. 1415/4) 0. 999953674278156 sage tan(pi/4) 1 sage tan(1/2) tan(1/2) sage RR(tan(1/2)) 0. 546302489843790 sage log2? Type Definition log2( noargspec ) Docstring The natural logarithm of the real number 2. EXAMPLES sage log2 log2 sage float(log2) 0. 69314718055994529 sage RR(log2) 0. 693147180559945 sage R = RealField(200) R Real Field with 200 bits of precision sage R(log2) 0. 9314718055994530941723212145817656807550013436025525412068 sage l = (1-log2)/(1+log2) l (1 log(2))/(log(2) + 1) sage R(l) 0. 18123221829928249948761381864650311423330609774776013488056 sage maxima(log2) log(2) sage maxima(log2). float() . 6931471805599453 sage gp(log2) 0. 6931471805599453094172321215 32-bit 0. 69314718055994530941723212145817656807 64-bit sage sudoku? 2. 2. Getting Help 9 Sage Tutorial, Release 5. 3 saddle Type Definition Docstring sage/local/lib/python2. 5/site-packages/sage/games/sudoku. py sudok u(A) Solve the 99 Sudoku puzzle defined by the matrix A.EXAMPLE sage A = matrix(ZZ,9,5,0,0, 0,8,0, 0,4,9, 0,0,0, 5,0,0, 0,3,0, 0,6,7, 3,0,0, 0,0,1, 1,5,0, 0,0,0, 0,0,0, 0,0,0, 2,0,8, 0,0,0, 0,0,0, 0,0,0, 0,1,8, 7,0,0, 0,0,4, 1,5,0, 0,3,0, 0,0,2, 0,0,0, 4,9,0, 0,5,0, 0,0,3) sage A 5 0 0 0 8 0 0 4 9 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 3 0 0 6 7 3 0 0 0 0 1 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 7 0 0 0 0 4 1 5 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 4 9 0 0 5 0 0 0 3 sage sudoku(A) 5 1 3 6 8 7 2 4 9 8 4 9 5 2 1 6 3 7 2 6 7 3 4 9 5 8 1 1 5 8 4 6 3 9 7 2 9 7 4 2 1 8 3 6 5 3 2 6 7 9 5 4 1 8 7 8 2 9 3 4 1 5 6 6 3 5 1 7 2 8 9 4 4 9 1 8 5 6 7 2 3Sage alike provides Tab completion type the ? rst few letters of a function and whence hit the tab key. For example, if you type ta followed by TAB, Sage will marking tachyon, tan, tanh, taylor. This provides a good way to ? nd the names of functions and other structures in Sage. 2. 3 Functions, Indentation, and Counting To de? ne a new function in Sage, use the def subor dination and a colon after the list of variable names. For example sage def is_even(n) return n%2 == 0 sage is_even(2) True sage is_even(3) False Note Depending on which version of the tutorial you are viewing, you may see three dots n the second line of this example. Do not type them they are just to emphasize that the code is indented. Whenever this is the case, press Return/Enter once at the end of the block to insert a blank line and conclude the function de? nition. You do not specify the types of any of the stimulant drug arguments. You can specify multiple inputs, each of which may have an optional default value. For example, the function below defaults to divisor=2 if divisor is not speci? ed. 10 Chapter 2. A Guided Tour Sage Tutorial, Release 5. 3 sage sage True sage True sage False ef is_divisible_by(number, divisor=2) return number%divisor == 0 is_divisible_by(6,2) is_divisible_by(6) is_divisible_by(6, 5) You can also explicitly specify one or either of the inputs when c alling the function if you specify the inputs explicitly, you can give them in any order sage is_divisible_by(6, divisor=5) False sage is_divisible_by(divisor=2, number=6) True In Python, blocks of code are not indicated by curly braces or begin and end blocks as in many other languages. Instead, blocks of code are indicated by indentation, which must match up exactly.For example, the avocation is a phrase structure error because the return recountment is not indented the same amount as the other lines supra it. sage def even(n) v = for i in range(3,n) if i % 2 == 0 v. append(i) return v Syntax Error return v If you ? x the indentation, the function works sage def even(n) v = for i in range(3,n) if i % 2 == 0 v. append(i) return v sage even(10) 4, 6, 8 Semicolons are not needed at the ends of lines a line is in most cases ended by a newline. However, you can put multiple statements on one line, separated by semicolons sage a = 5 b = a + 3 c = b2 c 64If you would like a single l ine of code to span multiple lines, use a terminating backslash sage 2 + 3 5 In Sage, you count by iterating over a range of integers. For example, the ? rst line below is exactly like for(i=0 i x2 sage g(3) 9 sage Dg = g. derivative() Dg x 2*x sage Dg(3) 6 sage type(g) sage plot(g, 0, 2) Note that while g is a due tokenic expression, g(x) is a related, but different sort of object, which can also be plotted, differentated, etc. , albeit with some issues see item 5 below for an illustration. sage x2 sage g(x). derivative() plot(g(x), 0, 2) 3. Use a pre-de? ed Sage calculus function. These can be plotted, and with a little help, differentiated, and integrated. sage type(sin) sage plot(sin, 0, 2) sage type(sin(x)) sage plot(sin(x), 0, 2) By itself, sin cannot be differentiated, at least not to produce cos. sage f = sin sage f. derivative() Traceback (most recent call last) AttributeError Using f = sin(x) instead of sin works, but it is probably even better to use f(x) = sin(x) to d e? ne a callable symbolic expression. sage S(x) = sin(x) sage S. derivative() x cos(x) Here are some honey oil problems, with explanations 4. Accidental evaluation. sage def h(x) f x 1 to 0. sage G = DirichletGroup(12) sage G. list() Dirichlet character reference modulo 12 of director 1 mapping 7 1, 5 1, Dirichlet character modulo 12 of film director 4 mapping 7 -1, 5 1, Dirichlet character modulo 12 of conductor 3 mapping 7 1, 5 -1, Dirichlet character modulo 12 of conductor 12 mapping 7 -1, 5 -1 sage G. gens() (Dirichlet character modulo 12 of conductor 4 mapping 7 -1, 5 1, Dirichlet character modulo 12 of conductor 3 mapping 7 1, 5 -1) sage len(G) 4 Having shaped the conclave, we next take a crap an element and compute with it. age G = DirichletGroup(21) sage chi = G. 1 chi Dirichlet character modulo 21 of conductor 7 mapping 8 1, 10 zeta6 sage chi. values() 0, 1, zeta6 1, 0, -zeta6, -zeta6 + 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, zeta6, -zeta6, 0, -1, 0, 0, zeta6 1, zeta6, 0, - zeta6 + 1, -1 sage chi. conductor() 7 sage chi. modulus() 21 sage chi. order() 6 sage chi(19) -zeta6 + 1 sage chi(40) -zeta6 + 1 It is also possible to compute the pull through of the Galois group Gal(Q(? N )/Q) on these characters, as tumesce as the direct product decomposition match to the factorization of the modulus. sage chi. alois_orbit() Dirichlet character modulo 21 of conductor 7 mapping 8 1, 10 zeta6, 2. 13. Some More move Mathematics 45 Sage Tutorial, Release 5. 3 Dirichlet character modulo 21 of conductor 7 mapping 8 1, 10 -zeta6 + 1 sage go = G. galois_orbits() sage len(orbit) for orbit in go 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1 sage Group 6 and Group 6 and G. decomposition() of Dirichlet characters of modulus 3 over Cyclotomic Field of order degree 2, of Dirichlet characters of modulus 7 over Cyclotomic Field of order degree 2 Next, we construct the group of Dirichlet characters mod 20, but with values n Q(i) sage sage sage Group K. = NumberField(x2+1) G = DirichletGroup( 20,K) G of Dirichlet characters of modulus 20 over Number Field in i with defining polynomial x2 + 1 We next compute several invariants of G sage G. gens() (Dirichlet character modulo 20 of conductor 4 mapping 11 -1, 17 1, Dirichlet character modulo 20 of conductor 5 mapping 11 1, 17 i) sage G. unit_gens() 11, 17 sage G. zeta() i sage G. zeta_order() 4 In this example we create a Dirichlet character with values in a number ? eld. We explicitly specify the choice of root of unity by the third argument to DirichletGroup below. age x = polygen(QQ, x) sage K = NumberField(x4 + 1, a) a = K. 0 sage b = K. gen() a == b True sage K Number Field in a with defining polynomial x4 + 1 sage G = DirichletGroup(5, K, a) G Group of Dirichlet characters of modulus 5 over Number Field in a with defining polynomial x4 + 1 sage chi = G. 0 chi Dirichlet character modulo 5 of conductor 5 mapping 2 a2 sage (chii)(2) for i in range(4) 1, a2, -1, -a2 Here NumberField(x4 + 1, a) tells Sage to use the sy mbol a in scaring what K is (a Number Field in a with de? ning polynomial x4 + 1). The name a is undeclared at this point.Once a = K. 0 (or equivalently a = K. gen()) is evaluated, the symbol a represents a root of the generating polynomial x4 + 1. 46 Chapter 2. A Guided Tour Sage Tutorial, Release 5. 3 2. 13. 4 modular Forms Sage can do some computations related to modular forms, including balances, reckoning piazzas of modular symbols, Hecke operators, and decompositions. There are several functions available for computing props of spaces of modular forms. For example, sage ratio_cusp_forms(Gamma0(11),2) 1 sage dimension_cusp_forms(Gamma0(1),12) 1 sage dimension_cusp_forms(Gamma1(389),2) 6112Next we illustrate computation of Hecke operators on a space of modular symbols of level 1 and slant 12. sage M = modularSymbols(1,12) sage M. founding() (X8*Y2,(0,0), X9*Y,(0,0), X10,(0,0)) sage t2 = M. T(2) sage t2 Hecke operator T_2 on modular Symbols space of dimension 3 for Gamma_ 0(1) of weight 12 with sign 0 over reasoning(prenominal) Field sage t2. matrix() -24 0 0 0 -24 0 4860 0 2049 sage f = t2. charpoly(x) f x3 2001*x2 97776*x 1180224 sage factor(f) (x 2049) * (x + 24)2 sage M. T(11). charpoly(x). factor() (x 285311670612) * (x 534612)2We can also create spaces for ? 0 (N ) and ? 1 (N ). sage ModularSymbols(11,2) Modular Symbols space of dimension 3 for Gamma_0(11) of weight 2 with sign 0 over sensible Field sage ModularSymbols(Gamma1(11),2) Modular Symbols space of dimension 11 for Gamma_1(11) of weight 2 with sign 0 and over Rational Field Lets compute some characteristic polynomials and q-expansions. sage M = ModularSymbols(Gamma1(11),2) sage M. T(2). charpoly(x) x11 8*x10 + 20*x9 + 10*x8 145*x7 + 229*x6 + 58*x5 360*x4 + 70*x3 515*x2 + 1804*x 1452 sage M. T(2). charpoly(x). actor() (x 3) * (x + 2)2 * (x4 7*x3 + 19*x2 23*x + 11) * (x4 2*x3 + 4*x2 + 2*x + 11) sage S = M. cuspidal_submodule() sage S. T(2). matrix() -2 0 0 -2 sage S. q_expansion_basis(10) q 2*q2 q3 + 2*q4 + q5 + 2*q6 2*q7 2*q9 + O(q10) 2. 13. Some More Advanced Mathematics 47 Sage Tutorial, Release 5. 3 We can even compute spaces of modular symbols with character. sage G = DirichletGroup(13) sage e = G. 02 sage M = ModularSymbols(e,2) M Modular Symbols space of dimension 4 and level 13, weight 2, character zeta6, sign 0, over Cyclotomic Field of order 6 and degree 2 sage M.T(2). charpoly(x). factor() (x 2*zeta6 1) * (x zeta6 2) * (x + zeta6 + 1)2 sage S = M. cuspidal_submodule() S Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 2 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 4 and level 13, weight 2, character zeta6, sign 0, over Cyclotomic Field of order 6 and degree 2 sage S. T(2). charpoly(x). factor() (x + zeta6 + 1)2 sage S. q_expansion_basis(10) q + (-zeta6 1)*q2 + (2*zeta6 2)*q3 + zeta6*q4 + (-2*zeta6 + 1)*q5 + (-2*zeta6 + 4)*q6 + (2*zeta6 1)*q8 zeta6*q9 + O(q10) Here is other example of how Sage can compute the action of Hecke operators on a space of modular forms. sage T = ModularForms(Gamma0(11),2) sage T Modular Forms space of dimension 2 for Congruence Subgroup Gamma0(11) of weight 2 over Rational Field sage T. degree() 2 sage T. level() 11 sage T. group() Congruence Subgroup Gamma0(11) sage T. dimension() 2 sage T. cuspidal_subspace() Cuspidal subspace of dimension 1 of Modular Forms space of dimension 2 for Congruence Subgroup Gamma0(11) of weight 2 over Rational Field sage T. isenstein_subspace() Eisenstein subspace of dimension 1 of Modular Forms space of dimension 2 for Congruence Subgroup Gamma0(11) of weight 2 over Rational Field sage M = ModularSymbols(11) M Modular Symbols space of dimension 3 for Gamma_0(11) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field sage M. weight() 2 sage M. basis() ((1,0), (1,8), (1,9)) sage M. sign() 0 Let Tp denote the frequent Hecke operators (p prime). How do the Hecke operators T2 , T3 , T5 act on the space of modular symbols? sage M. T(2). matrix() 3 0 -1 0 -2 0 0 0 -2 sag e M. T(3). matrix() 4 0 -1 8 Chapter 2. A Guided Tour Sage Tutorial, Release 5. 3 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 sage M. T(5). matrix() 6 0 -1 0 1 0 0 0 1 2. 13. Some More Advanced Mathematics 49 Sage Tutorial, Release 5. 3 50 Chapter 2. A Guided Tour CHAPTER trine THE INTERACTIVE SHELL In most of this tutorial, we assume you start the Sage interpreter using the sage command. This starts a customized version of the IPython shell, and imports many functions and classes, so they are ready to use from the command prompt. Further customization is possible by editing the $SAGE_ROOT/ipythonrc ? le.Upon starting Sage, you get make quasi(prenominal) to the following SAGE Version 3. 1. 1, Release Date 2008-05-24 Type notebook() for the GUI, and license() for information. - sage To dispense with Sage either press Ctrl-D or type quit or exit. sage quit Exiting SAGE (central edgeing unit condemnation 0m0. 00s, fence in time 0m0. 89s) The wall time is the time that elapsed on the clock hanging f rom your wall. This is relevant, since processor time does not track time used by subprocesses like GAP or Singular. Avoid carry offing a Sage process with kill -9 from a terminal, since Sage might not kill child processes, e. g. , Maple processes, or cleanup temporary ? les from $ station/. sage/tmp. ) 3. 1 Your Sage Session The session is the sequence of input and outturn from when you start Sage until you quit. Sage logs all Sage input, via IPython. In fact, if youre using the interactive shell (not the notebook interface), then(prenominal) at any point you may type %history (or %hist) to get a listing of all input lines typed so far. You can type ? at the Sage prompt to ? nd out more about IPython, e. g. IPython offers numbered prompts with input and output caching. All input is beard and can be retrieved as variables (besides the usual arrow key recall). The following GLOBAL variables always exist (so dont overwrite them ) _ foregoing input (interactive shell and notebook ) __ next previous input (interactive shell only) _oh list of all inputs (interactive shell only) Here is an example sage factor(100) _1 = 22 * 52 sage kronecker_symbol(3,5) 51 Sage Tutorial, Release 5. 3 _2 = -1 sage %hist This only works from the interactive shell, not the notebook. factor(100) 2 kronecker_symbol(3,5) 3 %hist sage _oh _4 = 1 22 * 52, 2 -1 sage _i1 _5 = factor(ZZ(100)) sage eval(_i1) _6 = 22 * 52 sage %hist 1 factor(100) 2 kronecker_symbol(3,5) 3 %hist 4 _oh 5 _i1 6 eval(_i1) 7 %hist We omit the output numbering in the rest of this tutorial and the other Sage documentation. You can also store a list of input from session in a macro for that session. sage E = EllipticCurve(1,2,3,4,5) sage M = ModularSymbols(37) sage %hist 1 E = EllipticCurve(1,2,3,4,5) 2 M = ModularSymbols(37) 3 %hist sage %macro em 1-2 macro em created.To execute, type its name (without quotes). sage E Elliptic Curve defined by y2 + x*y + 3*y = x3 + 2*x2 + 4*x + 5 over Rational Field sage E = 5 sage M = None sage em Executing Macro sage E Elliptic Curve defined by y2 + x*y + 3*y = x3 + 2*x2 + 4*x + 5 over Rational Field When using the interactive shell, any UNIX shell command can be executed from Sage by prefacing it by an exclamation point . For example, sage ls auto example. sage glossary. tex t tmp tut. log tut. tex returns the listing of the accredited directory. The itinerary has the Sage bin directory at the front, so if you tolerate gp, hoo-ha, singular, maxima, etc. you get the versions included with Sage. sage gp Reading GPRC /etc/gprc Done. GP/PARI CALCULATOR Version 2. 2. 11 (alpha) i686 running linux (ix86/GMP-4. 1. 4 kernel) 32-bit version 52 Chapter 3. The Interactive Shell Sage Tutorial, Release 5. 3 sage singular SINGULAR A Computer Algebra strategy for Polynomial Computations 0 by G. -M. Greuel, G. Pfister, H. Schoenemann FB Mathematik der Universitaet, D-67653 Kaiserslautern October 2005 / / Development version 3-0-1 3. 2 Logging Input and Output Logging your Sage session is not the same as saving it (see Saving and Loading Complete Sessions for that).To log input (and optionally output) use the logstart command. Type logstart? for more details. You can use this command to log all input you type, all output, and even play back that input in a future session (by entirely re despatch the log ? le). emailprotected$ sage SAGE Version 3. 0. 2, Release Date 2008-05-24 Type notebook() for the GUI, and license() for information. sage logstart setup trip auto-logging. Current session state plus future input fulfild.Filename setup Mode championship Output logging False Timestamping False State active sage E = EllipticCurve(1,2,3,4,5). minimal_model() sage F = QQ3 sage x,y = QQx,y. gens() sage G = E. gens() sage Exiting SAGE ( mainframe computer time 0m0. 61s, Wall time 0m50. 39s). emailprotected$ sage SAGE Version 3. 0. 2, Release Date 2008-05-24 Type notebook() for the GUI, and license() for information. sage load se tup Loading log file one line at a timeFinished replaying log file sage E Elliptic Curve defined by y2 + x*y = x3 x2 + 4*x + 3 over Rational Field sage x*y x*y sage G (2 3 1) If you use Sage in the Linux KDE terminal konsole then you can save your session as follows after starting Sage in konsole, recognise settings, then history , then set unlimited. When you are ready to save your session, select edit then save history as and type in a name to save the textual matter of your session to your computer. After saving this ? le, you could then load it into an editor, such as xemacs, and print it. 3. 2. Logging Input and Output 53 Sage Tutorial, Release 5. 3 3. Paste Ignores Prompts Suppose you are reading a session of Sage or Python computations and want to copy them into Sage. But there are provocation or sage prompts to worry about. In fact, you can copy and paste an example, including the prompts if you want, into Sage. In other words, by default the Sage parser strips any l eading or sage prompt before passing it to Python. For example, sage 210 1024 sage sage sage 210 1024 sage 210 1024 3. 4 Timing Commands If you place the %time command at the beginning of an input line, the time the command takes to run will be displayed after the output.For example, we can compare the running time for a certain exponentiation operation in several ways. The timings below will probably be much different on your computer, or even between different versions of Sage. First, native Python sage %time a = int(1938)int(99484) CPU times user 0. 66 s, sys 0. 00 s, thorough 0. 66 s Wall time 0. 66 This means that 0. 66 seconds total were taken, and the Wall time, i. e. , the amount of time that elapsed on your wall clock, is also 0. 66 seconds. If your computer is heavily loaded with other programs, the wall time may be much larger than the CPU time.Next we time exponentiation using the native Sage Integer type, which is enforced (in Cython) using the GMP library sage %tim e a = 193899484 CPU times user 0. 04 s, sys 0. 00 s, total 0. 04 s Wall time 0. 04 Using the PARI C-library interface sage %time a = pari(1938)pari(99484) CPU times user 0. 05 s, sys 0. 00 s, total 0. 05 s Wall time 0. 05 GMP is better, but only slightly (as expected, since the version of PARI built for Sage uses GMP for integer arithmetic). You can also time a block of commands using the cputime command, as illustrated below sage sage sage sage sage 0. 4 t = cputime() a = int(1938)int(99484) b = 193899484 c = pari(1938)pari(99484) cputime(t) approximately random output sage cputime? Return the time in CPU second since SAGE started, or with optional argument t, return the time since time t. 54 Chapter 3. The Interactive Shell Sage Tutorial, Release 5. 3 INPUT t (optional) float, time in CPU seconds OUTPUT float time in CPU seconds The walltime command practises just like the cputime command, except that it measures wall time. We can also compute the above power in some of the c omputer algebra systems that Sage includes.In each case we execute a trivial command in the system, in order to start up the server for that program. The most relevant time is the wall time. However, if there is a signi? cant difference between the wall time and the CPU time then this may indicate a performance issue worth looking into. sage time 193899484 CPU times user 0. 01 s, sys 0. 00 s, total Wall time 0. 01 sage gp(0) 0 sage time g = gp(193899484) CPU times user 0. 00 s, sys 0. 00 s, total Wall time 0. 04 sage maxima(0) 0 sage time g = maxima(193899484) CPU times user 0. 00 s, sys 0. 00 s, total Wall time 0. 0 sage kash(0) 0 sage time g = kash(193899484) CPU times user 0. 00 s, sys 0. 00 s, total Wall time 0. 04 sage mathematica(0) 0 sage time g = mathematica(193899484) CPU times user 0. 00 s, sys 0. 00 s, total Wall time 0. 03 sage maple(0) 0 sage time g = maple(193899484) CPU times user 0. 00 s, sys 0. 00 s, total Wall time 0. 11 sage gap(0) 0 sage time g = gap. eval(193899 484) CPU times user 0. 00 s, sys 0. 00 s, total Wall time 1. 02 0. 01 s 0. 00 s 0. 00 s 0. 00 s 0. 00 s 0. 00 s 0. 00 s Note that GAP and Maxima are the slowest in this test (this was run on the machine sage. ath. washington. edu). Because of the pexpect interface overhead, it is perhaps unfair to compare these to Sage, which is the fastest. 3. 5 Other IPython tricks As noted above, Sage uses IPython as its front end, and so you can use any of IPythons commands and features. You can read the full IPython documentation. Meanwhile, here are some fun tricks these are called Magic commands in IPython You can use %bg to run a command in the background, and then use jobs to access the results, as follows. 3. 5. Other IPython tricks 55 Sage Tutorial, Release 5. 3 The comments not time-tested are here because the %bg syntax doesnt work well with Sages automatic testing facility. If you type this in yourself, it should work as written. This is of course most useful with commands which tak e a while to grapple. ) sage def quick(m) return 2*m sage %bg quick(20) not tested Starting job 0 in a separate thread. sage jobs. status() not tested Completed jobs 0 quick(20) sage jobs0. result the actual answer, not tested 40 Note that jobs run in the background dont use the Sage preparser see The Pre-Parser Differences between Sage and Python for more information.One (perhaps awkward) way to get around this would be to run sage %bg eval(preparse(quick(20))) not tested It is safer and easier, though, to just use %bg on commands which dont require the preparser. You can use %edit (or %ed or ed) to open an editor, if you want to type in some complex code. Before you start Sage, make sure that the EDITOR environment variable is set to your favorite editor (by putting export EDITOR=/usr/bin/emacs or export EDITOR=/usr/bin/vim or something similar in the appropriate place, like a . profile ? le). From the Sage prompt, executing %edit will open up the named editor. according ly within the editor you can de? e a function def some_function(n) return n**2 + 3*n + 2 bear and quit from the editor. For the rest of your Sage session, you can then use some_function. If you want to modify it, type %edit some_function from the Sage prompt. If you have a computation and you want to modify its output for another use, perform the computation and type %rep this will place the output from the previous command at the Sage prompt, ready for you to edit it. sage f(x) = cos(x) sage f(x). derivative(x) -sin(x) At this point, if you type %rep at the Sage prompt, you will get a new Sage prompt, followed by -sin(x), with the cursor at the end of the line.For more, type %quickref to get a quick reference guide to IPython. As of this writing (April 2011), Sage uses version 0. 9. 1 of IPython, and the documentation for its magic commands is available online. 3. 6 Errors and Exceptions When something goes wrong, you will usually see a Python exception. Python even tries to sugg est what raised the exception. Often you see the name of the exception, e. g. , NameError or ValueError (see the Python Reference Manual Py for a complete list of exceptions). For example, sage 3_2 File , line 1 ZZ(3)_2 SyntaxError invalid syntax 6 Chapter 3. The Interactive Shell Sage Tutorial, Release 5. 3 sage EllipticCurve(0,infinity) Traceback (most recent call last) TypeError Unable to coerce Infinity () to Rational The interactive debugger is sometimes useful for understanding what went wrong. You can toggle it on or off using %pdb (the default is off). The prompt ipdb appears if an exception is raised and the debugger is on. From within the debugger, you can print the state of any local variable, and move up and down the execution stack.For example, sage %pdb Automatic pdb calling has been turned ON sage EllipticCurve(1,infinity) Traceback (most recent call last) ipdb For a list of commands in the debugger, type ? at the ipdb prompt ipdb ? Documented commands (type help ) ======================================== EOF break commands debug h a bt condition disable help alias c cont down ignore args cl continue enable j b clear d exit tolerate whatis where Miscellaneous help topics ========================== exec pdb Undocumented commands ====================== retval rv list n next p pdef pdoc pinfo pp q quit r return s step tbreak u unalias up w Type Ctrl-D or quit to return to Sage. 3. 7 Reverse Search and Tab Completion Reverse search Type the beginning of a command, then Ctrl-p (or just hit the up arrow key) to go back to each line you have entered that begins in that way. This works even if you completely exit Sage and restart afterwards. You can also do a reverse search through the history using Ctrl-r. All these features use the readline package, which is available on most ? avors of Linux. To illustrate tab completion, ? st create the three dimensional vector space V = Q3 as follows sage V = VectorSpace(QQ,3) sage V Vector space of dimension 3 over Rational Field You can also use the following more concise notation 3. 7. Reverse Search and Tab Completion 57 Sage Tutorial, Release 5. 3 sage V = QQ3 then(prenominal) it is easy to list all member functions for V using tab completion. Just type V. , then type the tab key key on your keyboard sage V. tab key V. _VectorSpace_generic__base_field V. ambient_space V. base_field V. base_ring V. basis V. coordinates V. zero_vector If you type the ? st few letters of a function, then tab key, you get only functions that begin as indicated. sage V. itab key V. is_ambient V. is_dense V. is_full V. is_sparse If you wonder what a particular function does, e. g. , the coordinates function, type V. coordinates? for help or V. coordinates for the source code, as explained in the next section. 3. 8 Integrated Help System Sage features an integrated help facility. Type a function name followed by ? for the documentation for that function. sage V = QQ3 sage V. coordinates? Type instancemetho d Base Class String Form Namespace Interactive File /home/was/s/local/lib/python2. /site-packages/sage/modules/f ree_module. py Definition V. coordinates(self, v) Docstring Write v in foothold of the basis for self. Returns a list c such that if B is the basis for self, then sum c_i B_i = v. If v is not in self, raises an ArithmeticError exception. EXAMPLES sage M = FreeModule(IntegerRing(), 2) M0,M1=M. gens() sage W = M. submodule(M0 + M1, M0 2*M1) sage W. coordinates(2*M0-M1) 2, -1 As shown above, the output tells you the type of the object, the ? le in which it is de? ned, and a useful description of the function with examples that you can paste into your current session.Almost all of these examples are regularly automatically tested to make sure they work and behave exactly as claimed. 58 Chapter 3. The Interactive Shell Sage Tutorial, Release 5. 3 Another feature that is very much in the spirit of the open source nature of Sage is that if f is a Python function, then type f displays the source code that de? nes f. For example, sage V = QQ3 sage V. coordinates Type instancemethod Source def coordinates(self, v) Write $v$ in terms of the basis for self. return self. coordinate_vector(v). list()This tells us that all the coordinates function does is call the coordinate_vector function and change the result into a list. What does the coordinate_vector function do? sage V = QQ3 sage V. coordinate_vector def coordinate_vector(self, v) return self. ambient_vector_space()(v) The coordinate_vector function coerces its input into the ambient space, which has the effect of computing the vector of coef? cients of v in terms of V . The space V is already ambient since its just Q3 . There is also a coordinate_vector function for subspaces, and its different.We create a subspace and see sage V = QQ3 W = V. span_of_basis(V. 0, V. 1) sage W. coordinate_vector def coordinate_vector(self, v) First find the coordinates of v wrt echelon basis. w = self. echelon_coordi nate_vector(v) Next use transformation matrix from echelon basis to user basis. T = self. echelon_to_user_matrix() return T. one-dimensional_combination_of_rows(w) (If you think the implementation is inef? cient, please sign up to help optimize linear algebra. ) You may also type help(command_name) or help(class) for a manpage-like help ? le about a given class. age help(VectorSpace) Help on class VectorSpace class VectorSpace(__builtin__. object) Create a Vector Space. To create an ambient space over a field with given dimension using the calling syntax When you type q to exit the help system, your session appears just as it was. The help listing does not muddle up your session, unlike the output of function_name? sometimes does. Its particularly helpful to type 3. 8. Integrated Help System 59 Sage Tutorial, Release 5. 3 help(module_name). For example, vector spaces are de? ned in sage. modules. free_module, so type help(sage. modules. ree_module) for documentation about that whole module. When viewing documentation using help, you can search by typing / and in reverse by typing ?. 3. 9 Saving and Loading Individual Objects Suppose you compute a matrix or worse, a complicated space of modular symbols, and would like to save it for later use. What can you do? There are several approaches that computer algebra systems take to saving individual objects. 1. Save your Game Only support saving and loading of complete sessions (e. g. , GAP, Magma). 2. Uni? ed Input/Output Make every object print in a way that can be read back in (GP/PARI). 3.Eval Make it easy to evaluate arbitrary code in the interpreter (e. g. , Singular, PARI). Because Sage uses Python, it takes a different approach, which is that every object can be serialized, i. e. , turned into a string from which that object can be recovered. This is in spirit similar to the uni? ed I/O approach of PARI, except it doesnt have the drawback that objects print to screen in too complicated of a way. Als o, support for saving and loading is (in most cases) completely automatic, requiring no extra programming its simply a feature of Python that was knowing into the language from the ground up.Almost all Sage objects x can be saved in compressed form to disk using save(x, filename) (or in many cases x. save(filename)). To load the object back in, use load(filename). sage sage 15 42 69 sage A = MatrixSpace(QQ,3)(range(9))2 A 18 21 54 66 90 111 save(A, A) You should now quit Sage and restart. Then you can get A back sage sage 15 42 69 A = load(A) A 18 21 54 66 90 111 You can do the same with more complicated objects, e. g. , elliptic curves. All data about the object that is cached is stored with the object. For example, sage sage sage sage E = EllipticCurve(11a) v = E. nlist(100000) save(E, E) quit takes a while The saved version of E takes 153 kilobytes, since it stores the ? rst 100000 an with it. /tmp$ ls -l E. sobj -rw-rr 1 was was 153500 2006-01-28 1923 E. sobj /tmp$ sage sage E = load(E) sage v = E. anlist(100000) instant (In Python, saving and loading is thoroughgoing(a) using the cPickle module. In particular, a Sage object x can be saved via cPickle. dumps(x, 2). Note the 2 ) 60 Chapter 3. The Interactive Shell Sage Tutorial, Release 5. 3 Sage cannot save and load individual objects created in some other computer algebra systems, e. . , GAP, Singular, Maxima, etc. They reload in a state marked invalid. In GAP, though many objects print in a form from which they can be reconstructed, many dont, so reconstructing from their print representation is purposely not allowed. sage a = gap(2) sage a. save(a) sage load(a) Traceback (most recent call last) ValueError The session in which this object was defined is no longer running. GP/PARI objects can be saved and loaded since their print representation is sufficiency to reconstruct them. sage a = gp(2) sage a. save(a) sage load(a) 2Saved objects can be re-loaded later on computers with different arch itectures or operating systems, e. g. , you could save a huge matrix on 32-bit OS X and reload it on 64-bit Linux, ? nd the echelon form, then move it back. Also, in many cases you can even load objects into versions of Sage that are different than the versions they were saved in, as long as the code for that object isnt too different. All the attributes of the objects are saved, along with the class (but not source code) that de? nes the object. If that class no longer exists in a new version of Sage, then the object cant be reloaded in that newer version.But you could load it in an old version, get the objects lexicon (with x. __dict__), and save the dictionary, and load that into the newer version. 3. 9. 1 Saving as Text You can also save the ASCII text representation of objects to a plain text ? le by simply opening a ? le in write mode and writing the string representation of the object (you can write many objects this way as well). When youre done writing objects, close the ? le. sage sage sage sage sage R. = PolynomialRing(QQ,2) f = (x+y)7 o = open(file. txt,w) o. write(str(f)) o. close() 3. 10 Saving and Loading Complete Sessions Sage has very ? xible support for saving and loading complete sessions. The command save_session(sessionname) saves all the variables youve de? ned in the current session as a dictionary in the given sessionname. (In the rare case when a variable does not support saving, it is simply not saved to the dictionary. ) The resulting ? le is an . sobj ? le and can be loaded just like any other object that was saved. When you load the objects saved in a session, you get a dictionary whose keys are the variables names and whose values are the objects. You can use the load_session(sessionname) command to load the variables de? ed in sessionname into the current session. Note that this does not wipe out variables youve already de? ned in your current session instead, the cardinal sessions are merged. First we start Sage and de? ne som e variables. 3. 10. Saving and Loading Complete Sessions 61 Sage Tutorial, Release 5. 3 sage sage sage sage _4 = E = EllipticCurve(11a) M = ModularSymbols(37) a = 389 t = M. T(2003). matrix() t. charpoly(). factor() (x 2004) * (x 12)2 * (x + 54)2 Next we save our session, which saves each of the above variables into a ? le. Then we view the ? le, which is about 3K in size. age save_session(misc) Saving a Saving M Saving t Saving E sage quit emailprotected/tmp$ ls -l misc. sobj -rw-rr 1 was was 2979 2006-01-28 1947 misc. sobj Finally we restart Sage, de? ne an extra variable, and load our saved session. sage b = 19 sage load_session(misc) Loading a Loading M Loading E Loading t Each saved variable is again available. Moreover, the variable b was not overwritten. sage M Full Modular Symbols space for Gamma_0(37) of weight 2 with sign 0 and dimension 5 over Rational Field sage E Elliptic Curve defined by y2 + y = x3 x2 10*x 20 over Rational Field sage b 19 sage a 389 3. 1 The Note book Interface The Sage notebook is run by typing sage notebook() on the command line of Sage. This starts the Sage notebook and opens your default web browser to view it. The servers state ? les are stored in $ firm/. sage/sage_notebook. Other options include sage notebook(directory) which starts a new notebook server using ? les in the given directory, instead of the default directory $HOME/. sage/sage_notebook. This can be useful if you want to have a collection of worksheets associated with a speci? c project, or run several separate notebook servers at the same time. When you start the notebook, it ? st creates the following ? les in $HOME/. sage/sage_notebook 62 Chapter 3. The Interactive Shell Sage Tutorial, Release 5. 3 nb. sobj objects/ worksheets/ (the notebook SAGE object file) (a directory containing SAGE objects) (a directory containing SAGE worksheets). After creating the above ? les, the notebook starts a web server. A notebook is a collection of user accounts, each o f which can have any number of worksheets. When you create a new worksheet, the data that de? nes it is stored in the worksheets/username/number directories. In each such directory there is a plain text ? le worksheet. xt if anything ever happens to your worksheets, or Sage, or whatever, that human-readable ? le contains everything needed to reconstruct your worksheet. From within Sage, type notebook? for much more about how to start a notebook server. The following diagram illustrates the architecture of the Sage Notebook firefox/safari javascript program AJAX V sage web server pexpect - SAGE process 1 SAGE process 2 SAGE process 3 (Python processes)For help on a Sage command, cmd, in the notebook browser box, type cmd? ). and now hit (not For help on the keyboard shortcuts available in the notebook interface, click on the Help link. 3. 11. The Notebook Interface 63 Sage Tutorial, Release 5. 3 64 Chapter 3. The Interactive Shell CHAPTER FOUR INTER FACES A central facet of Sage is that it supports computation with objects in many different computer algebra systems under one roof using a common interface and clean programming language. The console and interact methods of an interface do very different things. For example, using GAP as an example 1. gap. onsole() This opens the GAP console it transfers control to GAP. Here Sage is serving as nothing more than a convenient program launcher, similar to the Linux bash shell. 2. gap. interact() This is a convenient way to interact with a running GAP instance that may be full of Sage objects. You can import Sage objects into this GAP session (even from the interactive interface), etc. 4. 1 GP/PARI PARI is a compact, very mature, highly optimized C program whose primary focus is number theory. There are two very distinct interfaces that you can use in Sage gp the G o P ARI interpreter, and pari the PARI C libraxry.For example, the following are two ways of doing the same thing. T hey look identical, but the output is actually different, and what happens behind the scenes is drastically different. sage gp(znprimroot(10007)) Mod(5, 10007) sage pari(znprimroot(10007)) Mod(5, 10007) In the ? rst case, a separate copy of the GP interpreter is started as a server, and the string znprimroot(10007) is sent to it, evaluated by GP, and the result is assigned to a variable in GP (which takes up space in the child GP processes memory that wont be freed). Then the value of that variable is displayed.In the second case, no separate program is started, and the string znprimroot(10007) is evaluated by a certain PARI C library function. The result is stored in a piece of memory on the Python heap, which is freed when the variable is no longer referenced. The objects have different types sage type(gp(znprimroot(10007))) sage type(pari(znprimroot(10007))) So which should you use? It depends on what youre doing. The GP interface can do absolutely anything you could do in the us ual GP/PARI command line program, since it is running that program. In particular, you can load complicated PARI programs and run them.In contrast, the PARI interface (via the C library) is much more restrictive. First, not all 65 Sage Tutorial, Release 5. 3 member functions have been implemented. Second, a lot of code, e. g. , involving numerical integration, wont work via the PARI interface. That said, the PARI interface can be signi? cantly scurrying and more robust than the GP one. (If the GP interface runs out of memory evaluating a given input line, it will silently and automatically double the stack size and retry that input line. Thus your computation wont crash if you didnt correctly anticipate the amount of memory that would be needed.This is a nice trick the usual GP interpreter doesnt seem to provide. Regarding the PARI C library interface, it promptly copies each created object off of the PARI stack, hence the stack never grows. However, each object must not exceed 10 0MB in size, or the stack will over? ow when the object is being created. This extra write does impose a slight performance penalty. ) In summary, Sage uses the PARI C library to provide functionality similar to that provided by the GP/PARI interpreter, except with different sophisticated memory management and the Python programming language. First we create a PARI list from a Python list. age v = pari(1,2,3,4,5) sage v 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 sage type(v) Every PARI object is of type py_pari. gen. The PARI type of the underlying object can be obtained using the type member function. sage v. type() t_VEC In PARI, to create an elliptic curve we enter ellinit(1,2,3,4,5). Sage is similar, except that ellinit is a method that can be called on any PARI object, e. g. , our t_VEC v. sage e = v. ellinit() sage e. type() t_VEC sage pari(e)13 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 11, 29, 35, -183, -3429, -10351, 6128487/10351 Now that we have an elliptic curve object, we can compute some things about it. age e. elltors() 1, , sage e. ellglobalred() 10351, 1, -1, 0, -1, 1 sage f = e. ellchangecurve(1,-1,0,-1) sage f5 1, -1, 0, 4, 3 4. 2 GAP Sage comes with GAP 4. 4. 10 for computational discrete mathematics, especially group theory. Heres an example of GAPs IdGroup function, which uses the optional small groups database that has to be installed separately, as explained below. sage G = gap(Group((1,2,3)(4,5), (3,4))) sage G Group( (1,2,3)(4,5), (3,4) ) sage G. Center() Group( () ) 66 Chapter 4. Interfaces Sage Tutorial, Release 5. 3 sage G.IdGroup() 120, 34 sage G. Order() 120 requires optional database_gap package We can do the same computation in Sage without explicitly invoking the GAP interface as follows sage G = PermutationGroup((1,2,3),(4,5),(3,4)) sage G. center() Subgroup of (Permutation Group with generators (3,4), (1,2,3)(4,5)) generated by () sage G. group_id() requires optional database_gap package 120, 34 sage n = G. order() n 120 (For some GAP functionality, you should install t wo optional Sage packages. Type sage -optional for a list and choose the one that looks like gap_packages-x. . z, then type sage -i gap_packages-x. y. z. Do the same for database_gap-x. y. z. Some non-GPLd GAP packages may be installed by downloading them from the GAP web site GAPkg, and unpacking them in $SAGE_ROOT/local/lib/gap-4. 4. 10/pkg. ) 4. 3 Singular Singular provides a massive and mature library for Grobner bases, multivariate polynomial gcds, bases of RiemannRoch spaces of a plane curve, and factorizations, among other things. We illustrate multivariate polynomial factorization using the Sage interface to Singular (do not type the ) sage R1 = singular. ing(0, (x,y), dp) sage R1 // characteristic 0 // number of vars 2 // block 1 parliamentary law dp // names x y // block 2 ordering C sage f = singular(9*y8 9*x2*y7 18*x3*y6 18*x5*y6 + 9*x6*y4 + 18*x7*y5 + 36*x8*y4 + 9*x10*y4 18*x11*y2 9*x12*y3 18*x13*y2 + 9*x16) Now that we have de? ned f , we print it and facto r. sage f 9*x16-18*x13*y2-9*x12*y3+9*x10*y4-18*x11*y2+36*x8*y4+18*x7*y5-18*x5*y6+9*x6*y4-18*x sage f. parent() Singular sage F = f. factorize() F 1 _1=9 _2=x6-2*x3*y2-x2*y3+y4 _3=-x5+y2 2 1,1,2 sage F12 x6-2*x3*y2-x2*y3+y4As with the GAP example in GAP, we can compute the above factorization without explicitly using the Singular interface (however, behind the scenes Sage uses the Singular interface for the actual computation). Do not type the 4. 3. Singular 67 Sage Tutorial, Release 5. 3 sage sage sage (9) * x, y = QQx, y. gens() f = 9*y8 9*x2*y7 18*x3*y6 18*x5*y6 + 9*x6*y4 + 18*x7*y5 + 36*x8*y4 + 9*x10*y4 18*x11*y2 9*x12*y3 18*x13*y2 + 9*x16 factor(f) (-x5 + y2)2 * (x6 2*x3*y2 x2*y3 + y4) 4. 4 Maxima Maxima is included with Sage, as well as a Lisp implementation.The gnuplot package (which Maxima uses by default for plotting) is distributed as a Sage optional package. Among other things, Maxima does symbolic manipulation. Maxima can integrate and differentiate functions sym bolically, solve 1st order ODEs, most linear 2nd order ODEs, and has implemented the Laplace tr