A Review of Integrated Essay Toefl Samples

A Review of Integrated Essay Toefl Samples But What About Integrated Essay Toefl Samples? Your response ought to be around 150-225 words. It should be 150-225 words. Generally, an effective response is going to be 150 to 225 words. Learn more about the different methods until you find the one which works for you. To show Writing questions examples is a little difficult. Because our examples refer to a particular prompt, you can't copy these sample sentences word for word and use them in your essay. Integrated Essay Toefl Samples Ideas Your notes for the listening needs to be more detailed since you will not have the capacity to hear the lecture again. The reading and listening are connected via the detail they share. Even still, you won't ever be able to replace your finest friends and family members. Along with taking good notes, you will need to write five or more paragraphs that synthesize the principal points of the reading passage and lecture. If you don't understand a point in the lecture, it is possible to still score points. To start with, your focus ought to be on summarizing the principal points of the lecture. 50 minutes is the overall time permitted to finish the Writing section. Last, team work enhances the feeling of responsibility. Fortunately, there are a lot of excellent resources online that could help you prepare and perform exceptionally well, however intimidating it all may seem initially. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, together with make sure you are getting the very best service our business can deliver. There are 4 full-length practice tests you are able to purchase online, or you've got the choice of purchasing some value packs. Integrated Essay Toefl Samples Fundamentals Explain ed Doing this will signify your paragraphs are short and under-developed. There are three main advantages to using a TOEFL Writing template. It ensures you'll have a focused and well-organized response. Use the template within the next section to assist you. What is Really Going on with Integrated Essay Toefl Samples Your very first paragraph will introduce the lecture and the way it is related to the reading. After reading the passage, then you'll listen to a lecture on the very same topic. The passage contains an introduction and 3 primary arguments. The reading passage will get available again as soon as you get to the question. Have a look at the official TOEFL Writing Rubrics to learn how important paraphrasing is. Then you'll have to write about both passages. On the real TOEFL, you will have the reading passage for reference as you write, so it's going to be displayed again here. Each paragraph starts with a new significant point that's then explained. Instead, you're receive a prompt that asks you to pick between two opinions or choose whether or not you agree with a statement. For the very first sentence, introduce the essential point you wish to speak about. For your response, you must think of specific information and examples to back up your viewpoint. Integrated Essay Toefl Samples and Integrated Essay Toefl Samples - The Perfect Combination In fact, however, you aren't just writing, but creating a compelling argument that's well-constructed and meaningful. You have to ask a last project. Unlike the Integrated task, here you will be writing an opinionated response (though you don't need t o write about your real opinion). You've decided which kind of organization to use. The Hidden Gem of Integrated Essay Toefl Samples You are able to receive a very good feel for what the different sorts are like in case you do all our free mini-TOEFL tests. So there's a lot of practice material. You will sure to find consistent and terrific feedback in time. The test is wholly computerized, which means you'll do the entire thing on a keyboard.

Adolf Hitler A Turning Point For All Parties Involved

Robert Williams October 11, 2014 SNHU Research Adolf Hitler is easily one of the history’s most infamous villains whose destructive pathway across Europe caused the deaths of millions of Jews and other related groups. When studying a character like Adolf Hitler, a question of his intentions arises. This question presents a journey to gaining a better understanding of Hitler before his destruction. WWII was a turning point for all parties involved, but you can’t explore the totality of what this war meant without exploring the man behind the war. Hitler, one of the world’s most captivating war figures (for all the wrong reasons) changes the landscape of warfare, and it will never be the same. Pinpointing how and why Adolf Hitler’s regime was so powerful in destroying the lives of so many people begins by gaining an understanding of the effects of WWI on the war figure. After WWI, Hitler rose to power. His rise coincided with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. This treaty was to end the st ate of war between Germany and its allied powers. The signing of the treaty brought about the rise of Hitler in multiple ways. Because the treaty was not signed in an appropriate manner (according to the Germans), Hitler and his men blamed Jews, Bankers, and Catholics. This blame would later lead to a mass extermination of these groups, lead by Adolf Hitler. World War II would begin upon these terrible acts. Along with blaming these groups of people for the presumed botched signing ofShow MoreRelatedAdolf Hitler : The World s Most Recognizable And Notable Leaders1426 Words   |  6 Pages   Adolf Hitler, born April 20, 1889, in Braunau am Inn, Austria, grew up to be Germany’s dictator in the 1930s and early 40s, killing millions of Jews in the process. His childhood and young adulthood may be cited by some as the reason for his oppressive attitude and vicious behavior that would be very clear later in his profound life. Adolf Hitler, one the world’s most recognizabl e and notable leaders, lived a life marked by torture and hate, a childhood full of unfortunate events, an honorableRead MoreThe Essential Events of Adolf Hitler Essay1816 Words   |  8 Pagesthe record of the world is Adolf Hitler. Adolf Hitler’s influence on the twentieth century is far more than any other person. Several superiors have had motivations of controlling the world, but limited have had the intensity or authority to even endeavor world dominance. Even though, his acts were not explained, Hitler came to be the most leading man in the world. Whether this effect is thought to be good or not, Hitler’s impact on the world, is unquestionable. Hitler was only the few people whoRead More Adolf Hitler Essay example1614 Words   |  7 PagesAdolf Hitler Adolf Hitler was one of the worst dictators that the world has ever seen. Some people called him the devil, because of what he did to the Jews during WWII. Hitler was a dictator that ordered the execution of millions of Jews and other people, during his reign of Nazi Germany. As a teenager Hitler served in WWI and years later was thrown in jail, where he wrote his book Mien Kampf. Hitler soon became the dictator of Germany and started WWII. At the age of twenty five,Read MoreA Brief Look at World War II1521 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War II World War II was the largest war and the bloodiest war that the U.S. has ever been involved in. Forty to Fifty million people lost their lives during World War II. This was a war that lasted for about six years and involved countries from around the whole world. The axis powers in the war consisted of Germany, Italy, and Japan. The Allie powers consisted of the United States, France, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and to a lesser extent, China. It is said that unsettled disputes fromRead MoreD Day During World War II1319 Words   |  6 PagesD-Day During World War II (1939-1945), D-Day, or the Battle of Normandy, was the turning point in the Allied attempt to liberate Western Europe from Nazi control. The invasion involved 326,000 British, American, and Canadian troops spread among five beaches. The Allies were victorious due to Nazi mistakes. Hitler, believing the attack was simply a diversion to distract the Germans from an attack north of the Seine River, withheld reinforcements and support from armored units. This gave the AlliesRead MoreThe Rise Of Hitler And The Third Reich1946 Words   |  8 PagesWorld War. The rise of Hitler and the Third Reich can be see as a key turning points as they had absolute power over the individual and responsibility was inferior to the state. The FRG and the GDR had both different political aims; however their efforts to remake political cultures shared similarities. Although the Second World War plays a large part in the formation of political systems in Germany, the divide between East and West Germany can be seen as the key turning point. The First World WarRead MoreThe Life And Lies Of Adolf Hitler2263 Words   |  10 PagesThe Life and Lies of Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler, dictator of Germany for 12 years, once said, â€Å"If you tell a big enough lie and tell it frequently enough, it will be believed,†. A master of lies himself, Hitler built his power off of fear and false promises. Responsible for the death of over 11 million people, Hitler told lies so big and so frequent, he convinced nations to help him commit the largest act of genocide the world has known. A nationalist, anti-semitist, and extremist since a very youngRead MoreThe Dawes Plan Was A Significant Turning Point For Germany1576 Words   |  7 Pagestroops among other main points issued. The Dawes Plan was undoubtedly to some extent a turning point for Germany, as it did dramatically improve Germany’s economy, politics and culture. However, some might say it led Germany to even worse conditions by depending too much on the US. Although the Dawes Plan was not a a significant turning point for Germany, in the short term it really upgraded everything in Weimar Germany. On the one hand, the Dawes Plan was a significant turning point because it improvedRead MoreUS Elections and The Great Depression1241 Words   |  5 PagesDemocrat Franklin D. Roosevelt defeats Republican Herbert Hoover. This was a turning point for democrats because the republicans had controlled the presidency for most of the time since 1860. The main problem that the election of 1932 dealt with was the Great Depression. Hoover had been unsuccessful in dealing with the great depression. FDR had plans for a new deal, which would dramatically change the economy of America. Hoover and FDR were very different in personality, Hoover was isolated andRead MoreWhat Was The Most Significant Into World War II?1650 Words   |  7 PagesSignificant Turning Point in World War II? The second world war was a global conflict, beginning on the 1st of September, 1939, and finally ending on August 15th 1945. War broke out when Adolf Hitler, the leader of the Nazi party, Chancellor and Fuehrer of Nazi Germany, broke the treaty of Versailles by invading Poland on false accusations that the country had launched previous attacks on Germany. Throughout the six year world war, the conflict experienced twelve significant turning points, all heavily

The 4 Most Dangerous Acids in the World

Organizational Behavior An Organization - 1596 Words

Organizational Behavior Analysis Organizational behavior is vastly unique for each organization. Positive or negative behavior has far reaching effects on the internal and external environments. What elements helps develop the behavior of an organization? Organizational behavior is the main ingredient of all organizations, and can be the building block that rejoices successful, or screams failure. Elements such as the type of culture, form of communication, disposition of authority, motivational methods, emotional intelligence measures, and virtual component factors all have a part of organizational behavior. Successful organizations are mindful of every arena, and strategically prepare for and implement change where and when it is needed; thus building an organizational behavior of encouragement, ethical practices, as well as trust and commitment to see the vision and mission to fruition. Type of Culture The Ripple Effect Organization is an organization with a vision to make a difference in the diversity of lives that make up the society in which it resides. The Ripple Effect helps individuals to become productive members of their community, providing opportunity to eliminate self-limiting strongholds and barriers keeping them from being a happy productive self-reliant individual in their community. Thus, being part of the solution and not part of the problem. Baack, (2012, Chapter, 2.1), expresses that strong organizational cultures are established on a story. Thus, thisShow MoreRelatedOrganization Behavior And Organizational Behavior1707 Words   |  7 PagesOrganization behavior including both individual and group, which take an important role on company’s performance, a good manager with high ability to manage the employees’ satisfaction and involvement could achieve a higher performance of the company. In recent years, most of companies used balanc ed scorecards to determine the companies’ goals to improve the performance, which including employee coaching and mentoring. In this report, we will conduct the performance of a company with the interactionRead MoreOrganizational Behavior : An Organization1521 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational Behavior (OB) entails the study and usage of knowledge about how individuals, people, as well as groups function in organizations (Luthans Yousseff, 2007). Using a systematic approach, organizational behavior interprets people/organization relations in terms of the groups, individuals, entire organization, and social system. The main objective of organizational behavior is to help find or develop better relationships by attaining human objectives, social objectives and ultimatelyRead MoreOrganizational Behavior : An Organization1054 Words   |  5 Pagestask of organizational structure is to encourage people to work hard and coordinate their effort to ensure a high level of organiz ational performance. To this effect the four key concepts that assistance in achieving the needed performance include understanding the meaning of organizational behavior; individual differences; values, attitudes, and moods and emotions; perception and attribution, and the management of diversity. Organizational Behavior (OB) Defining organizational behavior to be aRead MoreOrganizational Behavior And The Organization1038 Words   |  5 Pagesimportant to understand what behavior and culture in an organization means in order to have a better understanding of the whole scenario. From this perspective, then a manager can better know how to incorporate what he or she knows and what the organization at large is comprised of. According to Borkowski, (2011), the definition provided states that â€Å"organizational behavior is the study of individuals and group’s dynamics within an organization setting† (p.3). Organizational culture on the other handRead MoreOrganizational Behavior And Organization Behavior2132 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction What is Organizational behavior? Prior to this course, I never known that much of what is organizational behavior an in which ways it can impact the organization. Over the course my knowledge about Organization Behavior has expanded. Organization behavior is the systematic study and application of knowledge about how individuals and groups act within the organizations where they work. In this paper, I will discuss the behavior in an organization for which I was employed with for twoRead MoreOrganizational Behavior : Organization Behavior2093 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Organization behavior is the study and application of information regarding how an individual or group of people within an organization behaves. According to John Schermerhorn author of the book Organizational Behavior Twelfth Edition, organizational behavior is the key characteristic used to maintain and enhance interaction levels amongst employees within a company (Schermerhorn, 2011). There are additional characteristics such as leadership, openness to confer in relation to issuesRead MoreOrganizational Behavior : An Organization1986 Words   |  8 Pages10th, p.2), Organizational Behavior studies the influence and impact that individuals, groups, and organizational structure have on behavior within an organization for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization s effectiveness. In the business world, Organizational Behavior is an important tool for managers to effectively manage their teams and aids in being able to understand and foresee employee behavior in the organization. It tells how organizations can be arrangedRead MoreThe Organizational Behavior Of An Organization Essay2054 Words   |  9 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate the organizational behavior of an organization. I will be analyzing and evaluating Crown Iron Works and providing recommendations of my findings. The success of an organization depends on its organization behavior which is the study of people, what people feel, think, and do in a company. (Elsbach, Kayes Kayes, 2015). Organizational Behavior is important to help organizations become more successful and efficient in running the company and adapting to changesRead MoreOrganizational Behavior : An Organization1754 Words   |  8 PagesOrganizational Behavior Scenario Applications It takes a team to run a successful organization. Managers all around are focusing on improving employee morale in the workplace because without dedicated and motivated employees, companies could not be successful. Managers that are running prosperous companies have the knowledge of Organizational Behavior. Organizational Behavior is the study of what people think, feel and do in and around organizations. Organizational Behavior influences employees motivationRead MoreOrganizational Behavior : Organization Behavior Analysis2021 Words   |  9 Pages Organizational Behavior Analysis BUS610: Organizational Behavior (NAB1431A) Instructor: Dr. Roberto Coto Angela Montgomery September 8, 2014 Organizational Behavior Analysis Abstract Organization behavior analysis is the study of information regarding an organization and its individual or group of people with their actions and performances within an organization. It is most important key feature which should be used to maintain and enhance interaction levels between

Essay On Post Service - 1011 Words

Change in Cognitive Processes of Soldiers Post-Service in the Military It is estimated between 20% and 30% of soldiers report psychological symptoms after returning home from combat three to six months post-service (Dohrenwend, Turner, Turse, Adams, Koenen, Marshall, 2006). Following the Iraqi and Afghanistan conflicts, there has been a raise in question of the mental health statuses of service men and women post-deployment (Hoge, Castro, Messer, McGurk, Cotting, Koffman, 2004). Many of the mental health injuries related to combat exposure or deployment-related stressors include PTSD, depression, stress, and sleep problems. These mental health concerns have resulted in different types of lecture based mental health training services†¦show more content†¦The Neurocognitive Assessment Tool evolved into Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM), a culmination of various computer-based tests, by the Department of Defense in order to test soldiers for signs of cognitive dysfunction before deployment. These computer-based programs were designed in response to the increased risk of cognitive trauma or stress during deployment, and used as a way to recognize individuals at high risk for sustaining injuries that might compromise brain functioning. The ANAM became a baseline measurement of cognitive processes of soldiers used by the military (Vincent, et al., 2012). In addition to the altered cognitive processes and mental health traumas experienced by soldiers, investigation of intrusive cognitions (Shipherd, Salters-Pedneault, Fordiani, 2016) and the effects of combat deployment on self-destructive behaviors (Thomsen, Stander, McWhorter, Rabenhorst, Milner, 2011) were assessed. Intrusive cognitions, the development of distressing thoughts, images, or memories associated with traumatic events, became increasingly common among post-deployment military personnel (Shipherd, Salters-Pedneault, Fordiani, 2016). In response to intrusive cognitions, four training methods including training as usual, psychoeducation on intrusive cognitions,Show MoreRelatedApa Research and Bibliography Activity Essay656 Words   |  3 Pagessources. Not everyone is permitted to post |error free and will be sufficient to every reader preference. 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These events were among the causes of the Mexican War between the United States and Mexico, after which Mexico relinquished all claims to Texas and much of the present-dayRead MorePublic Trusts Policy For Induction Of Labour786 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of this essay is to explore a local trusts policy for induction of labour due to a prolonged pregnancy and discuss how this has been interpreted from national drivers and then implemented at a local level. To begin with it will define induction of labour and outline the significance of this policy. Moving on it will discuss the national drivers and then look at how the policy has interpreted and delivered the national drivers at a local level. It will also discuss how national driverRead MoreHealth Economics And Antitrust Literature1735 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay contributes to health economics and antitrust literature as follows. First, this essay investigates change in transaction price for cardiac surgery. 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Fordism is named after Henry Ford (1863-1947) who is a pioneer and car maker

The Foreign Investor in Oil & Gas Management

Question: Evaluate the function and aims of stabilisation clauses and comment on how they seek to achieve the stability that parties desire. Answer: The foreign investor who tends to participate in the international petroleum industry is typically a long term investor due to capital intensive nature of the underlying industry. Such ventures are vulnerable on account of any unilateral action by the host government which may adversely impact the interests of the foreign investor (Berger, 2003). A potential remedy for the above concern is in the form of a stabilisation clause which acts as a guarantee against unilateral action on the part of the host nation. These clauses are common in the modern day petroleum contracts especially if the host country is politically unstable. The origin of the stabilisation clause as part of the petroleum contracts can be traced back to the 1930s when the interests of the American oil companies were jeopardised due to the mass nationalisation of strategic assets initiated by Latin American countries. Till the 1970s, the stabilisation clause offered protection against expropriation. During the 1970s, there were several arbitral awards for nationalisation of assets which gave rise to better understanding of mutual interests on the part of host government from 1980s (Cameron, 2006). It was hoped that this would eliminate the need for the stabilisation clause but this has not been the case. Instead, the mechanisms to implement these clauses have got more complex and varied in nature depending upon the credibility of the host nation (Fortier Stephen, 2004). Since the turn of the 21st century, there have been numerous attempts on the part of the host governments of petroleum producing nations to alter the fiscal arrangements present in the petroleum contracts. Although the underlying motive behind these attempts was not uniform, but one factor that paid a crucial role was the surge in international crude prices (Berger, 2003). This led to a fundamental shift in the bargaining power in the hands of the oil producing nations as a result of which, these nations wanted to benefit from this surge in oil prices. This phenomenon is not just limited to the third world countries but also includes the OECD producers such as UK and USA. A case in point is that of UK which in December 2005, increased the taxation burden with regards to petroleum by 100% as it was indicated that returns in the North Sea had reached a level of 40% from the normal levels of 13%. This increase in returns led the government to introduce changes which enhanced their share of the oil frenzy. Similar case was also observed in case of USA with regards to the oil being produced from the Gulf of Mexico (Cameron, 2006). However, it would be nave to believe that this was the major or only factor that led to unilateral actions on the part of the host government. In case of certain third world countries which had oil resources, stabilisation clauses were offered in the 1990s so as to attract investment and mitigate the underlying political risk. However, in a bid to offer exceptionally robust deals to investors, the financial implications of these are often not understood by the host government at the time of extension. This is particularly true for these nations which had limited exposure with regards to implementation of these clauses. However, when later these clauses are put into practice, they are found to be highly inflexible and lead to dispute which leads to alteration of the fiscal arrangements. An example of this phenomenon is experiences in Kazakhstan (Comeaux Kinsella,1994). However, a positive aspect of such alterations is that these are primarily forced and once altered, these are usually backed by subsequent stabilisation clauses which offer protection against future unilateral action. Certain governments alter their tax regim es which tend to have a direct or indirect impact on the fiscal obligations for the foreign investor. In case of absence of stabilisation clause, there are procedures for negotiation and redressed so that the disturbed equilibrium can be again restored. With contracts having the stabilisation clause, arbitration acts as key provision which discourages the government from taking unilateral actions (Coaele, 2002). From the above discussion, it is evident that in wake of the empirical incidents involving unilateral actions which are not limited to any particular geography, stabilisation clauses have become a mandatory component of such agreements leading to the proliferation of the same. In order to implement stabilisation clauses in the petroleum contracts, it is imperative to understand that the most crucial aspect of any such contract is the fiscal regime that essentially drives the division of profits between the host governments or state owned oil company and the foreign investor (Bouchez, 1991). This is essentially wider in scope than just tax and royalties and would also involve clauses related to recovery of cost along with profit sharing ratio. Besides there are other aspects that are critical which involve security of titles, right to sell or export petroleum, repatriation norms with regards to foreign currency along with flexibility on operational norms. Thus, stabilisation is requir ed beyond the fiscal regime only as other aspects may have significant impact on the underlying profits generated (Dolzer, 2002). There are various enforcement mechanisms with regards to achieving stabilisation of both fiscal and non-fiscal regime. One of the most primitive ones in this regard is freezing of the contractual agreement clauses to any unilateral action on the part of the state. A blanket freezing encompassing both the fiscal and non-fiscal clauses of the contract is rather uncommon, however milder forms of freezing are often observed particularly those limiting themselves to the fiscal clauses only. Freezing was common in the era of nationalisation by the government but in the modern day, it inevitably leads to inflexibility and hence is implemented in the form of partial stability provided to the foreign contractor with regards to the key clauses (Cameron, 2006). Another measure to ensure stabilisation is economic balancing. The economic balancing provisions advocate rebalancing if changes in the contract are executed after the conclusion of the agreement and these changes are detrimental to the interest of either of the parties or both the parties involved in the contract. Economic balancing may be achieved in namely two forms one is automatic and the other is through negotiated amendments in the contract with the intention of rebalancing. In case of automatic rebalancing, the stipulated action is clearly stated in the contract for various unilateral actions and is implemented automatically once triggered. However, considering the wide range of unilateral actions possible for the state, usually economic rebalancing is achieved through negotiated amendments (Hansen, 1988). Further, in the event that negotiated amendments cannot be concluded, then the right to arbitration is also included as part of the economic balancing stabilisation clause. Besides, normally a mix of the automatic and negotiated approach is usually adopted so as to resolve the common issues faced through automatic rebalancing while the uncommon issues can be resolved through negotiated approach (Salacuse, 2001). It is imperative to note that it is not always that unilateral action by the host government would be harmful to the interests of the foreign investor and may fact at times be beneficial. Further, it may so happen that at times that state government may not unilaterally take an action but due to alteration of laws in the neighbouring country, the prevalent law may change which may adversely impact the investors interest. The stabilisation clauses do not tend to cover such action which was evident in the case of Kazakhstan where the VAT rate charge was linked to the correspond ing charge in Russia and therefore when Russia hiked its tax, Kazakhstan had no choice but to increase its tax even though it did not had any direct intent to do the same (Cameron, 2006).Therefore, despite the best of intent by both parties, there are limitations to the economic balances stabilisation. Yet another mode of achieving stabilisation is the intangible cause which ensures that no modification in the petroleum contracts would be initiated on a unilateral basis by any of the parties and any modifications what so ever would be enacted only with the mutual consent of the various contracting parties. It is imperative to note that such clauses unlike unfreezing do not provide immunity against the legislative action but merely provide protection against any unilateral action. This is often found in the modern day petroleum contracts when absolute immunity is a rarity and in order to safeguard mutual interests of the parties, such clauses are inserted into the agreements (Dolzer, 2002). Further, another means of providing stability to the foreign investor practised in certain nations is through legislative support. In this, the concluded agreements are ratified by the parliament of the host country so as to accord legal status to such agreements. Usually this provides much secur ity to the foreign investor although this in effect would be notional as alike other statutory laws, this may also be altered by the parliament at the future date and hence may defeat the purpose but yet in certain third world countries, it was a highly popular measure amongst investors as it provided some semblance to them (Amador,1993). Further, there are certain stabilisation mechanisms which are found in international law and seek to protect the aim of the investor against any arbitrary action of the state. One of the most common measure in this regard is the BIT (Bilateral Investment Treaty). This treaty is enacted typically between two nations with the intention of providing protection to the interests of foreign investors (hailing from the two respective countries) against reckless and arbitrary state action. One of the prevalent mechanisms present in BIT is the ISDS (Investor State Dispute Settlement) system which typically calls for international arbitration so as to ensure that the interest of the foreign investor is safeguarded (Bouchez, 1991). In case of petroleum contracts, it is not assumed that international law is automatically applicable but still in the presence of BIT and considering the stakes, diplomatic pressure and international arbitration cannot be denied. But it is advisable, that during nego tiation of the contract, the foreign investor should press for the inclusion of this principle irrespective of the presence of BIT or not. This is especially imperative as the legal system in third world nations is found wanting and can be tardy, corrupt and state controlled (Cameron, 2006). It is imperative to note that the stabilisation clauses are offered by certain nations only where the perceived political risk is high coupled with geological risk. Countries such as OSCD where the political regime is highly stable and based on rule of law, the stabilisation clauses are not offered. Further, countries such as Saudi Arabia and Brazil with proven oil reserves also do not offer stabilisation clauses. However, other nations do use this as an incentive to attract foreign investors (Berger, 2003). While stabilisation through various above mechanisms may lure investors, however there are certain limitations which may limit its scope. Firstly, the stabilisation clauses must be in line with the legal framework of the host country. This is particularly true with regards to freezing clauses which do not stand the test of the time as the laws that would be enacted in the future would prevail over the freezing clause as the sovereignty of the host nation is paramount (Chatterjee, 1988). Secondly, stabilisation clauses tend to be restrictive in scope and therefore focus on mainly the fiscal regime while ignoring the non-fiscal clauses which are increasingly gaining more importance (Cameron, 2006). From the above discussion, it may be concluded that foreign investors aim to achieve stabilisation in petroleum contracts especially when operations are based in countries having high political risk and/or geological risk. However, over the period of time the mechanism of providing stabilisation has altered from freezing to other measures that have been discussed. Typically, a mix of the various measures is deployed in the contracts to provide stability to the investors. The relevance of these clauses continue to remain, however their ambit should expand and seek to include the non-fiscal regime as environment increases is becoming a significant parameter (Cameron, 2006). Further, the host governments on their part should also understand the risks of taking unilateral actions and should aim for actions based on mutual consent and respect for the interests of the various parties involved. References Amador, G 1993, State Responsibility in Case of Stabilisation Clauses, Journal of Transnational Law and Policy, Vol.2 No. 2, pp. 23-50 Berger, P 2003, Renegotiation and Adaptation of International Investment Contracts: The Role of Contract Drafters and Arbitrators, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 36 No. 2, pp. 1347- 1380. Bouchez, LJ 1991, The Prospects for International Arbitration: Disputes Between States and Private Enterprises, Journal of International Arbitration, Vol.8 No. 3, pp. 81-115. Cameron PD 2006, Stabilisation in Investment Contracts and Changes of Rules in Host Countries: Tools for Oil Gas Investors, AIPN, Available online from https://www.rmmlf.org/Istanbul/4-Stabilisation-Paper.pdf (Accessed on July 25, 2016) Chatterjee, SK 1988, The Stabilisation Clause Myth in Investment Agreements, Journal of International Arbitration, Vol.5 No. 4, pp. 97-111. Coaele, MTB 2002, Stabilisation Clauses in International Petroleum Transactions, Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, Vol.30 No. 3, pp. 217-237. Comeaux, PE Kinsella, SN 1994, Reducing Political Risk in Developing Countries: Bilateral Investment Treaties, Stabilisation Clauses and MIGA OPIC Investment Insurance, New York Law School Journal of International Comparative Law, Vol.15 No. 4, pp. 1- 48. Dolzer, R 2002, Indirect Expropriations: New Developments? New York University Environmental Law Journal, Vol. 11 No.4, pp. 64-93. Fortier, LY Stephen LD 2004, Indirect Expropriation in the Law of International Investment: I Know it When I See It, ICSID Review Foreign Investment Law Journal, Vol. 19 No. 5, pp. 293-296 Hansen, TB 1988, The Legal Effect of Given Stabilisation Clauses in Economic Development Agreements, Virginia Journal of International Law, Vol.28 No. 3, pp. 1015-1041. Salacuse, JW 2001, Renegotiating International Business Transactions: The Continuing Struggle of Life Against Form, International Lawyer, Vol.35 No. 5, pp.1507-1541.

Essay on Epidemiology

Question: Write an essay on Epidemiology. Answer: Introduction The study aims at examining the connection between gestational age and language outcomes by using sibling-control design procedure. To examine the connection between the gestational age and language outcome, the sibling-control design is used in the study. Methods Outcome variables (i) Child (ii) Gestational age at birth, weeks (iii) Boys (iv) Twins (v) Malformations at birth (vi) SGA (vii) Pregnancy (viii) Unplanned pregnancy (ix) Preeclampsia (x) IVF (LagerstroÃÅ'ˆm, 1991) Exposure variables (i) Gestational diabetes (ii) Recurrent urinary tract infections (iii) Bleeding between weeks (iv) Hypertensive state (v) Depressive symptoms (vi) Smoking during pregnancy (vii) Alcohol during pregnancy (viii) Maternal weight status (BMI) (ix) Demographics (x) Mothers completed education (xi) Marital status during pregnancy (xii) Age mother, years (Lopes, Santos, Pereira, Lopes, 2012) The Ultrasound Examination method is used in the statistical method. The way of the method executed as- first there were 4 groups i) early preterm ii) late preterm iii) early term and iv) full term. There were two onset types that are i) spontaneous ii) provider-initiated The statistical method was used as used by M-plus version is examined for the four models at 18 and 36 months. There were response theory approaches which are I) Main effect cohort analyses including all siblings were conducted to address possible inverse linear trends in associations between gestational age and the outcomes, and adjusted cohort analyses were examined for comparison purposes. II) The same associations were examined by first calculating unadjusted There were also some missing data. The missing data is estimating in multiple samples. The codes of pregnancy smoking and alcohol intake during pregnancy are the depressive symptoms BMI, SGA was included as variables (Strickland, Marsh, Darrow, 2014). The Pregnancy-specific child, mother or pregnancy factors that can vary between pregnancies and that preceded the exposure (Bere et al., 2012). Parity, smoking, alcohol intake, pregnancy-specific hypertensive state, bleeding recurrent urinary tract infections, unplanned pregnancy, gestational diabetes, in vitro fertilization, low and high body mass index (BMI), gender, multiple birth status, serious malformations at birth and small for gestational age are the method for co-founder definition. In figure 1 gestational diabetes and smoking are the two co-founders which are adjusted in the model. Yes, I do consider these variables for co-founders. because in the method it has told that Parity, smoking, alcohol intake, pregnancy-specific hypertensive state, bleeding recurrent urinary tract infections, unplanned pregnancy, gestational diabetes, in vitro fertilization, low and high body mass index (BMI), gender, multiple birth status, serious malformations at birth and small for gestational age are under co-founder definition ("Gestational Diabetes Mellitus", 1998). So in figure 1, it is showing that the gestational problem and smoking are the variables. So it is acceptable with the cause. Remarks Frequencies and sibling discordance of gestational age group and type of delivery onset are shown in Table 2. In the sibling-control analyses, the difference between the gestational age average of the sibling group and the individual score (e.g. for a trio we divide it by 3), provided deviations from the family means in any family (Pober et al., 2005). The cohort results in Table 4 shows that the language delays are less pronounced at 36 months. There were no effects of preterm group on language comprehension for spontaneous deliveries. For provider-initiated deliveries, there was an inverse linear tendency: the early preterm group and late preterm group both showed poorer language comprehension than the full term group, the former being different from the equivalent spontaneous group. These effects were not sustained in the sibling-control analyses, and the minor effect of spontaneous early term delivery in the unadjusted sibling-control model disappeared in the adjusted model. For language production, lower gestational age was still related to poorer levels in the unadjusted cohort results, with strongest effects in children from provider-initiated delivery, and with the early preterm group effect being different from the same spontaneous group (Pober et al., 2005). The confounder adjustments slightly reduced these effects. When comparing siblings across unadjusted and adjusted models, the language production delays in the spontaneous groups only remained for the early term group. In contrast, the language production delays in children from provider-initiated delivery were the same in the cohort and sibling models, except for the early term group where there was no longer strong evidence of an effect. Tests of linear trends are described in Supplementary text, available as Supplementary data at IJE online. Conclusion This study emphasizes the importance of sibling control designs when studying effects of preterm deliveries. First, we could ascertain robust inverse linear associations between gestational age at delivery and early language delays. Second, we found that these associations were particularly strong for provider-initiated deliveries. Third, even if language delays diminish between 18 and 36 months, the delays persist for the early preterm children, particularly those from provider-initiated delivery. Finally, we find that different factors probably underlie the language delays of preterm children delivered provider-initiated compared with spontaneous delivery. Indeed, this underlines the need for examining spontaneous and provider- initiated preterm births separately, to address issues of etiology,32 and future studies could aim to identify such factors, for example by comparing similarity in full and half siblings. References Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. (1998).Diabetes Care,21(Supplement_1), S60-S61. LagerstroÃÅ'ˆm, M. (1991).Pre- and perinatal factors in long-term development. Stockholm, Sweden: Dept. of Psychology, Stockholm University verby, N., Hillesund, E., Sagedal, L., Vistad, I., Bere, E. (2012). The Fit for Delivery study: rationale for the recommendations and test-retest reliability of a dietary score measuring adherence to 10 specific recommendations for prevention of excessive weight gain during pregnancy.Matern Child Nutr,11(1), 20-32. Pober, B., Lin, A., Russell, M., Ackerman, K., Chakravorty, S., Strauss, B. et al. (2005). Infants with Bochdalek diaphragmatic hernia: Sibling precurrence and monozygotic twin discordance in a hospital-based malformation surveillance program.Am. J. Strickland, M., Marsh, C., Darrow, L. (2014). Gestational Age-Specific Associations between Infantile Acute Bronchiolitis and Asthma after Age Five.Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol,28(6), 521-526.