Needle Stick Injuries Among The Nursing Student Population Nursing Essay

harass Stick Injuries Among The nurse Student Population Nursing EssayThe aspire of this lit freshen up question proposal is to estimate the efficacy of AOP, and constrictive everyplacesight which is provided by nurse schools and infirmarys on the Needle Sticks Injuries NSIs interruption among the breast feeding student population. Re wait has shown that the trainingal computer programme for prevention of NSIs is authoritative for the healthc be reckoners but it is rargonly conducted and quantifyd among vocational school treat students. Bearing in mind the previous points, the survey leave be complemented by utilise methodology of a wide-ranging review of the related belles-lettres. That is to say, the in force(p) thingumajig of the educational programme and close supervision might lead to prevent the NSIs among the treat student population.ObjectivesTo review critically and analyse writings on the effect of close supervision and academic orientation progr amme that atomic number 18 provided by schools and hospitals on the harass raise up injuries among the nurse student population.To evaluate the bringle astonish injuries among nursing students. Factors related to mental picture, departments in which they work and high assay appendages ca expenditure most of these injuries.To develop recommendations for pull based on the findings of this proposal review. mannikin for Proposal perforates (2006) framework for developing enquiry proposal was used as a structure for this proposal. Besides, punch verbalise that the proposal is a primal and indwelling component to performing any research.IntroductionIn young years, there has been an increasing interest in strategies which might reduce the assay of exposure to blood-borne pathogens, including hepatitis B vaccination, clinical training, educational programmes, universal precautions and, most late(a)ly, needle-protective devices as stated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC (2011). concord to human beings health Organisation WHO (2006), needle sticks injuries play a crucial complaisant occasion of blood born serious pathogens transmission among Healthc ar Workers (HCWs). One whiz accident could is sufficient to produce a serious infection as stated by the CDC (2003). Further more than than, the main hazards of sharp injuries ar viruses such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (Yao et al., 2012). Remembered that, the beginning(a) case of HIV transmission from patient to an HCW was describe in 1986 (Stricof Morse, 1986, cited in Petrucci et al., 2009). correspond to RCN (2012) sharps injuries are preventable and learning following incidents should be put in in place to avoid repeating accidents. Further analysis showed that, the bulk of these, such as exposures sustained whilst handling needles or clearing clinical waste are preventable with adherence to procedures for the safe handling of sharps and the electric pig of clinical waste (HPA, 2008). Yao et al (2010) reported that there are wanting(p) clinical experience and occupational safety training provided by nursing schools and hospitals, hence nursing students are at high-risk of needle stick injuries. However there are new(prenominal) studies shows that a confederacy of education, introducing a universal precautions to different hospital departments, especially emphasizing on the immensity of needle recapping prohibition, and the use of sharp containers disposal containers have reduced NSIs by 80 % (Wilburn et al., 2004).Anformer(a) eventful finding report that the common clinical areas in which NSIs and sharps injuries occur include surgical departments and medical bandingtings (Yao et al., 2010). Research has shown that, the legal age of NSIs (40%) occurs in the medical wards, intensive caveat units and operating suite (Petrucci et al., 2009). In addi tion, the needlestick injuries were most commonly reported as occurring on wards and in patients rooms (Talas et al., 2009). It is clear from the above that, when injuries stratified by departments, the highest rate of needle stick injuries was seen in the surgery department. It might be said that the occurrence of needle stick injuries is strongly related to clinical practice behaviours.Limited work experience with handling NSIs and insufficient awareness of occupational safety measures are reported in Chinese nursing students (Yao et al., 2010). That is to say, the probability of accidental consonant exposure is reduced significantly with the plus of clinical skills during the clinical training accomplishment and the impressive front man of tutors in clinical training education as stated by Petrucci (2009). Aslam et al (2010) stated that recapping the needle by and by use has been cut intoed as the most frequent circumstanceors responsible for NSIs among health care workers . It moldiness also be noted that, 42.5% of NSIs occurred when nursing students was working alone (Petrucci et al., 2009). A possible explanation for this is suggested by Talas et al (2009), that inadequate supervision in clinical practice areas ca development NSIs.It has been found that the NSIs as high as 100,000 per year between 1997 and 2007 (Godfrey, 2001 cited in RCN, 2012). However, there were just fewer than 4,000 significant occupational exposure incidents reported to the Health Protection Agency (HPA, 2008). Nurses story for the highest percentage of percutaneous injuries (CDC, 2004, cited in Petrucci et al., 2009). harmonise to NHS (2011) at least quartette UK healthcare workers are known to have died following occupationally-acquired HIV infection. This declare oneself will investigate the available literary works with the aim of summarising, and evaluating accepted acquaintance according to Machi and Mcevoy (2012). Incidentally, to explore the dubiety with menti on to different sample groups who are geographically spread. In general what this means, the study will have an external focus to help meet the diversity consideration.Current/Preliminary literature reviewTo recognise how this study fits with the existing dust of knowledge on the reduce, a literature search was carried out using a military issue of infobases including PubMed were searched. In addition, CDC website was hand searched as it is a key website related to the military rank radical.Although most of NSIs research focused on HCWs students, nursing students in hospital clinical practice are also at high risk of exposure. Also, most of investigation that examined NSIs in students populations generally studied medical and dental students rather that nursing students (Aslam et al., 2010 Zafar et al., 2009 Valls et al., 2007 and Sharma et al., 2010).As a firmness, the information related to nursing students NSIs is relatively lacking worldwide. However, plentiful studies h ave been carried out in recent years all aimed at understanding the factors which are related the needlestick injuries among nursing students in order to produce an in force(p) preventable measure which should be implemented early in nursing students education (Talas et al., 2009 Yang et al., 2007 Yao et al., 2010 Hambridge et al., 2011 Yao et al., 2012 and Petrucci et al., 2009). Consequently, the most crucial point made so far is how are the Academic orientation course Programme (AOP), and close supervision of needle stick injury prevention among the nursing student population?MethodologyAccording to Aveyard (2010) a literature review is a comprehensive study and interpretation of current literature in relation to an exact topic. It involves the identification of a research question and aims to answer said question via searching and analysing relevant literature in a systematic begin. Aveyard (2010) also argues that a literature has even more validity if reviewed in relation to opposite literature available on the same topic. The researcher deems the use of a literature review for the conception of this study appropriately as the study aims to examine various current literatures, interpret and summarize them, infer new ideas and present gotten ideas in a methodical and well-established manner.In order to address the research question how effective are the Academic Orientation Programme (AOP), and close supervision of needle stick injuries prevention among the nursing student population?. This study review will be from both qualitative and quantitative traditions. The reason for selecting a qualitative approach was that it was felt that more flesh outed explanation by nursing students would provide more depth to the investigation. This investigation was based on secondary research due to the fact that a rich body of data already existed and further analysis could offer insight. On the other hand, using of quantitative tradition could highlight some sta tistical analysis.A number of research studies have been undertaken to discuss the needlestick injuries among the nursing student population. Yao et al., (2012) reported that the appliance of safety training and educational programmes consider a need for nursing students before they start clinical practice. Research has shown that, the adequate presence of tutors in the clinical training education and simulation laboratories for nursing practice that could enable nursing students to gain a remarkable experience by doing procedures and then observing their impact without compromising the health and safety of human patients (Petrucci et al., 2009). However, few studies have included nursing students some studies survey the posture of nursing students towards needle sticks and sharp injuries in different workplace. Data into the reasons why nursing students are vulnerable to needle stick injuries was collected from threesome main sources. Sources were found via an electronic database and were articles which focused on different patriarchal studies undertaken in 2010, 2009 and 2008. The first acquaint of the investigation involved analysing the three sources and equivalence them to see if there were clear themes common to all three.MethodsAccording to Punch (2006) the method class is the specific data collection and analysis procedure that defines how the data will be collected and processed to answer the research question. This refers to that the proposal should demonstrate an internal validity. Here, this means that the chosen methods should match the create verbally question (Punch, 2006). Furthermore, a review must be carried out, systematically, totally and comprehensively to enable the production of valid results which in turn relates to conclusions (Aveyard, 2010). Method section is significant to evade collection of data unrelated to the study as stated by Hart (1998). To ensure this, a systemic search strategy would be developed involving the use o f electronic searches, hand searches and reference list searches as suggested by Aveyard (2010).Sample and data collection methodAccording to Aveyard (2010) using of inclusion and exclusion criteria will frame and tapering off of literature and certain significance of data to the study. In addition the using of inclusion and exclusion criteria enable the researcher to demonstrate the scope of detail of the review that would not demonstrated in the review question itself (Aveyard, 2010). unpublishedExample of inclusion criteriaPrimary research relating to needlestick injuries among the nursing student population. literary productions focused on the needlestick injuries among nursing students during their clinical practice in hospitals. side of meat language literature only.Published literature only.2007 onwards.Example of exclusion criteria literary works discussed the needlestick injuries among health care workers or medical, dentist students only rather than nursing students.None ethically approved and conducted studies, to ensure validity of the study.The PICO framework, as set out downstairs, was used to define the search strategyPopulation Nursing students from different area of practice.Intervention Academic Orientation Programmes and close supervision which provided by nursing schools and hospitals.Comparison Nursing students have been received or have not been received effective academic orientation programme and close supervision, and their perception toward needle sticks injuries preventive methods.Outcome Prevention or avoiding the NSIs by insuring that nursing students have received the necessary preventive measures without fail.For effective data collection method, the identification of key terms and using a Boolean logical operators such as (OR, NOT and AND), Wildcards (?) And Truncations (*) are essential for obtaining the maximum number of relevant data on the research topic (MACHI and McEVOY 2012). The restriction was put on the year of p ublication, studies have been done after 2007 and only English language articles were included. Appendix 1 and 2 in the appendices gives an illustration of search terms using BOOLEEN operators, wildcards and truncations to connect the keywords.Access to data/sampleAccording to Aveyard (2010) the using of academic search engines could be more specific than a general search engine electronic searching, they quit the researcher to do advance searching using different combination of words and have engineer portal to academic journals and e-books. In addition,To efficaciously carry out this study, data collection will be from different sources. Data will be accessed mainly via the Oxford Brookes University available databases. These databases arePUBMED An vast medical, biomedical and nursing database.CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health literature)MEDLINE (Connecting by dint of Ebsco, Web of knowledge or PubMed)In addition, academic literature references passim Go ogle Scholar, E-journals and books from the university program library as well as the John Radcliffe hospital library would be searched for the routine of this study. This is to ensure a level of credibility in the data being used for the study.Data analysis methodThis stage involves the critical appraisal and analysis of the data has been collected. One set of appliances has been produced by the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP, 2011). Also, CASP has published critical appraisal tools for review articles, quantitative studies, RCTs, cohort and case control studies (Aveyard, 2010). The benefit of using a critical appraisal tool rather than using an unstructured approach in relation to the research question deems the use of a CASP tool appropriate. This is due to the fact that all of the appraisal tools listed, the CASP tool is the most diverse. According to the University of South Australia division of Health Sciences (2011) it could be used in critically analysing diffe rent lovings of studies (RCT, Case Control Study, Systemic Review, and Qualitative Study). Furthermore, it provides a checklist for the researcher in relation to the type of study being conducted which enables checking for bowes and confounding variables so that it has no effect on the analysed result (,). The CASP tool for systematic reviews would consequently be utilised in the critical analysis of data for the study.According to Aveyard (2010) to determine the relevance of each selected paper, researcher could use 3 important questionsIs this literature relevant to my review?Have I identified literature at the top of my hierarchy of evidence?Is this literature of high copious quality to include in my review?Whilst this helps the father researcher the data will require testing with a validated critical appraisal tool. This will be the Critical Appraisal Skill Programme tools (CASP) a recognised framework for critical assessment, developed by the Public Health Research Unit a t Oxford University. This department is now under the forethought of Solutions for Public Health (SPH, 2011).To advance credibility to my research I will explore the concept of triangulation (Holtzhausen, 2001) in my analysis. Furthermore, by following triangulation as a multi-method research approach, the literature review sits well with the triangulation concept of using more than one method or source of data to study social phenomena. This idea supports the process of cross checking findings that is derived from both qualitative and quantitative research and exploring any comparisons that appear adding rigour to the findings. According to Aveyard (2010) looking for similarities and disparity is important in the synthesis of the research. Also, comparing and contrasting outcomes that encompass negative and confirmative results will be discussed to illustrate the depth and variety of data reviewed. ethical issuesGiven that the proposed methodology for this research is a literatur e review, ethical encomium is not a prerequisite as stated by Aveyard (2010). According to Houghton et al (2010) the ethical issues are present in any kind of research have to be considered when undertaking qualitative research. This is due to the fact that literature reviews are grounded solely on critically analysing and estimating primary research carried out by other researchers, hence there is no direct contact between the researcher and participants. In addition there are no primary data to be collected. Though, it is significant to recognise the mechanisms for granting such approvals as the outcome whitethorn lead to further research.As a reviewer of research and a qualified nurse I am accountable to ensure that any research reviewed had been handled ethically. Guiding ethical principles to consider in health care are Non-malfeasance, Beneficence, respect for autonomy, informed consent, candor and integrity, and the need to maintain confidentiality and anonymity. Awareness of all others research I am responsible for portraying other work fairly and objectively whilst deferred payment by referencing, all materials discussed.RigourAccording to Vickers (1995) literature reviews should be subject to the same standards of scientific rigour as primary research. In other words, the process of extracting information from the published scientific data should it be scientific. In addition, Vikers (1995) further explains that two major characteristics of a well conducted study are transparency meaning that the reasons for any conclusions written by the researcher are made explicit, and replicability which implies that the research if carried out by the reader produces the same results. Therefore, in carrying out this study the researcher will ensure transparency and replicability by ensuring the collection, appraisal and analysis of data as well as federal agency of findings are comprehensive, thorough and systematic.LimitationsResources will be limited with n o monetary support. Additional finance might have enabled you to employ the assistance of other researchers who would have aided you in the search, critique and take together of the literature (Aveyard, 2010). Seeking out grey literature will be meter consuming. In contrast, Aveyard (2010) stated that the using of only published data could bias the result of the review. However, the amount of data available could be overwhelming for the novice and must be planned with care to avoid this happening. Punch (2006) stated that the delimitation means defining the limits of our drawing the boundaries around a study, and screening clearly what is and is not included. This is sometimes useful in avoiding misunderstanding by the reader. As a novice researcher the approach to the identification, critique and bringing together of the literature may not have been as thorough as that of a more experienced researcher (Aveyard, 2010).In any research, limitations should be expected. Thus, it is essential for a researcher to acknowledge pass judgment limitations of a study (Punch, 2006).Some of the potential limitations of this study includeInability to access data As some databases are only accessible by members of a particular group or association. This may result in finding a limited amount of data that suit the purpose of the study which could in turn lead to bias. The researcher will movement to avoid this by going an extra length to access such databases including signing up to such groups or associations where possible.The inexperience of the researcher This may result in discrepancies in the collection and critical analysis of data.The figure time scale This study is set to take place at bottom a 12 month period and this may serve as a constraint.Project TimescaleThis table outlines the get word management plan (Time frame). Its judge that the study will take over 12 months, table below show how I will carry out the project over the coming months.MonthsActivit y1234567891011 publications searchWritingProposalDataAnalysisResult drumheadWritingDissertationSubmittingDissertationRecommendations for practiceAs a result of the present study, the following are recommendedDesign more intensive education program directed at all nursing student populations to increase their awareness of and compliance with universal precautions and in instituting polices.Ensure that all nursing students are fully immunised against hepatitis B before they begin clinical practice.Eliminate unnecessary needles from the hospital environment wherever possible and supplant with safer products through implementation of industrial research for the development of new technologies that could correct working conditions and reduce the risk of occupational diseases in health care settings.Activate the tutors role in providing a high quality of observe and presence during clinical training education.DisseminationThe purpose of this study is to bring out the effectiveness of the Academic Orientation Programme (AOP), and close supervision on needle stick injuries prevention among the nursing student population. Dissemination of the results is what makes the project valuable, dependent on the findings it is anticipated that the outcomes will support improvements in practice. As the outcome is intended as a resource for my department it is anticipated that the dissertation be communicated as a presentation. Therefore, for the findings of this study to have an effective impact, widespread distribution is important. The researcher proposes dissemination would be done via comrade reviewed journals, seminar presentation to colleagues and members of staff of the Oxford Brookes University and via the internet for further education of the general public. Also, copies would be made available in the Oxford Brookes University library for students and other prospective researchers.